The flashcards below were created by user
shaketarenae
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
-
What are NPN compounds?
- 1. urea
- 2. creatinine
- 3. uric acid
- 4. ammonia
- 5. creatine
- 6. amino acids
-
Do NPN compounds contain nitrogen?
Yes
-
Are NPN compounds proteins?
No
-
Which NPN compounds are waste?
- 1. creatinine
- 2. urea
- 3. uric acid
- 4. ammonia
-
Which NPN compounds are building blocks?
Creatine and Amino acids
-
What is urea the breakdown product of?
Protein
-
Where is urea formed and from what?
- Urea is formed in the liver from Ammonia.
- When the liver breaks down proteins or amino acids and ammonia the kidneys transfers the urea from the blood to urine
-
What does BUN stand for?
Blood Urea Nitrogen
-
What 2 things affect serum BUN?
- 1. amount of protein in urine
- 2. urine volume
- 3. Protein in your diet
-
What causes increased BUN?
Pre-renal
- 1. dehydration
- 2. cardiac failure
- 3. diabetes mellitus
-
Renal cause for increaseed BUN
- 1. Polycystic kidney disease
- 2. Glomerulonephritis
-
Post-renal cause for increased BUN
- 1. obstruction of lower urinary tract
- 2. kidney stones
- 3. enlarged prostate
-
What is azotemia?
increased NPNs in the blood (unusually high amounts of nitrogen waste products in bloodstream) means kidney failure treated with Dialysis or kidney transplant
-
What is the function of creatine and phosphocreatine?
They are high energy storage in the brain and muscle.
-
What does creatine and phosphocreatine break down into?
- Creatinine
- Normal range is .6 - 1.2mg/dL
-
Where does creatine and phosphocreatine break down?
in the muscle
-
When is serum creatinine increased?
- 1. muscle destruction
- 2. kidney disease
-
What are two test to assess kidney function?
-
What is uric acid the breakdown product of?
- Nucleic acid aka
- Nucleoproteins or purines
-
Where is uric acid formed ?
in the liver
-
Which food are high in purines?
- 1.meat
- 2.fish
- 3.poultry
- 4.organ meats- liver, kidney
- 5.coffee, caffeine, cocoa
-
When is uric acid increased in the serum (bloodstream)?
- 1. gout-painful arthritis
- 2. cell turnover disease
-
What is gout?
Hyperuricemia (high uric acid in the blood)uric acid crystal deposit in joint especially in the big toe
-
Where is ammonia made?
- 1. bacteria in the intestine
- 2. breakdown of protein in the liver
- 3. kidney tubules
-
Failure of which organ would cause increased serum ammonia?
the liver
-
What are amino acids?
the building blocks of protein
-
What are the different plasma proteins and where are each made?
- 1.albumin-in the liver
- 2.fibrinogen- in the liver
- 3.alpha-globulins-in the liver
- 4.beta-globulins-in the liver
- 5.gamma-globulins-in the RES systems(reticuloendothelial system)
- Lymphocytes make the gamma globulins
-
What are protein functions?
- 1.storage for amino acids (liver uses amino acids)
- 2.used for energy
- 3.transports things through the bloodstream
-
What is the function of each of the following protein fractions?
55% of protein
- 1.albumin-maintaining normal blood volume
- 2.fibrinogen-necessary for clotting
- 3.gamma-globulins- are antibodies in response to MMR
-
What does TSP stand for?
Total Serum Protein
-
What does TSP measure?
- It measures the sum of all albumin and all globulins
- Normal range 6.0 - 8.3g/dL
-
What causes increased TSP?
- 1. dehydration
- 2. multiple myeloma (cancer of tissue that makes gamma globins)
-
What causes decreased TSP?
- 1. kidney disease or failure-leaks proteins
- 2. liver disease
-
What does A/G ratio stand for?
albumin divided by globulins
-
What is a normal A/G ratio results?
1.0-2.5
-
In which diseases is the A/G ratio decreased?
- 1. liver disease
- 2. kidney disease
- 3. multiple myeloma
-
What is electrophoresis?
used to separate proteins into specific fractions by the movement of charged particles in an electric field
|
|