Psychology

refers to a combination of a psychological, emotional and cognitive components that are caused by the stress of taking exams and may interfere with one's concentration, planning and academic performance

• 1. Describe
• 2. Explain
• 3. Predict
• 4. Control

• 1. Biological Approach
• 2. Cognitive Approach
• 3. Behavioral Approach
• 4. Psychoanalytic Approach
• 5. Humanistic Approach
• 6. Cross Cultural Approach
• 7. Evolutionary Approach

focuses on how our genes, hormones, and nervous system interact with our environments to influence learning what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe, and feel.

how we process, store and use information how it influences

how organisms learn new behaviors or modify existing ones

• the influence of unconscious fears, desires, and motivations on thoughts, behaviors, and the developments of personality traits and psychological problems
• (Ex. Freud)

each individual has great freedom in directing his or her future

influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on the psychological and social functioning of a culture's members. (ex. Suicide Bombers)

how evolutionary ideas such as adaptation and natural selection explain human behavior and mental processes

refers to the tendency to always put off completing a task to the point of feeling anxious or uncomfortable about one's delay (20% of adults, and 80-95% students)

• which means they use different approaches to study the same behavior
• By combining information from the biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychoanalytic, humanistic, cross-cultural, and evolutionary approaches, psychologists stand a better chance of reaching their goals of describing, explaining, predicting and controlling behavior

Structuralism and Introspection

Fucntionalism

Gestalt Approach

Behavioral Approach

was the study of the most basic elements, primarily sensations and perceptions, that make up our conscious mental experiences

a method of exploring conscious mental processes by asking subjects to look inward and report their sensations and perceptions

emphasized that perception is more than the sum of its parts and studied how sensations are assembled into meaningful perceptual experiences

emphasized the objective, scientific analysis of observable behaviors

usually someone who has completed 4 to 5 years postgraduate education and has obtained a PhD, PsyD, or EdD in psychology.

has a PhD, PsyD, or EdD, has a specialized in clinical subarea, and has spent an additional year in a supervised therapy setting to gain experience in diagnosing and treating a wide range of abnormal behaviors

a medical doctor (MD) who has spent several years in clinical training, which includes diagnosing possible physical and neurological causes of abnormal behaviors and treating these behaviors, often with prescription drugs

• Clinical/Counseling- (treatment of people)
• Social- (social interactions, stereotypes, prejudies)
• Developmental- (examines moral, social, and cognitive development
• Experimental- (areas of sensation, learning, human performance)
• Biological- (research of physical and chemical changes that occur during stress, learning and emotions)
• Cognitive- (how we process, store, and retrieve information)
• Psychometrics- ( focus on measurement of people's abilities, skills, intelligence, personality, and abnormal behaviors)
• Industrial/Organizational-(examines the relationship of people and their work environments)