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Test Anxiety
refers to a combination of a psychological, emotional and cognitive components that are caused by the stress of taking exams and may interfere with one's concentration, planning and academic performance
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Goals of Psychology
- 1. Describe
- 2. Explain
- 3. Predict
- 4. Control
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How Psychologists answer question
- 1. Biological Approach
- 2. Cognitive Approach
- 3. Behavioral Approach
- 4. Psychoanalytic Approach
- 5. Humanistic Approach
- 6. Cross Cultural Approach
- 7. Evolutionary Approach
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Biological Approach
focuses on how our genes, hormones, and nervous system interact with our environments to influence learning what we attend to, perceive, learn, remember, believe, and feel.
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Cognitive Approach
how we process, store and use information how it influences
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Behavioral Approach
how organisms learn new behaviors or modify existing ones
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Psychoanalytic Approach
- the influence of unconscious fears, desires, and motivations on thoughts, behaviors, and the developments of personality traits and psychological problems
- (Ex. Freud)
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Humanistic Approach
each individual has great freedom in directing his or her future
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Cross-Cultural Approach
influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on the psychological and social functioning of a culture's members. (ex. Suicide Bombers)
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Evolutionary Approach
how evolutionary ideas such as adaptation and natural selection explain human behavior and mental processes
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Procrastination
refers to the tendency to always put off completing a task to the point of feeling anxious or uncomfortable about one's delay (20% of adults, and 80-95% students)
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Cross-Cultural Approach
Eclectic Approach
- which means they use different approaches to study the same behavior
- By combining information from the biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychoanalytic, humanistic, cross-cultural, and evolutionary approaches, psychologists stand a better chance of reaching their goals of describing, explaining, predicting and controlling behavior
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Wilhem Wundt (1832-1920)
Structuralism and Introspection
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William James (1842-1910)
Fucntionalism
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Max Wertheimer (1883-1943)
Gestalt Approach
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John B. Watson (1878-1958)
Behavioral Approach
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Structuralism
was the study of the most basic elements, primarily sensations and perceptions, that make up our conscious mental experiences
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Introspection
a method of exploring conscious mental processes by asking subjects to look inward and report their sensations and perceptions
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Gestalt approach
emphasized that perception is more than the sum of its parts and studied how sensations are assembled into meaningful perceptual experiences
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Behavioral Approach
emphasized the objective, scientific analysis of observable behaviors
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Psychologist
usually someone who has completed 4 to 5 years postgraduate education and has obtained a PhD, PsyD, or EdD in psychology.
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Clinical Psychologist
has a PhD, PsyD, or EdD, has a specialized in clinical subarea, and has spent an additional year in a supervised therapy setting to gain experience in diagnosing and treating a wide range of abnormal behaviors
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Psychiatrist
a medical doctor (MD) who has spent several years in clinical training, which includes diagnosing possible physical and neurological causes of abnormal behaviors and treating these behaviors, often with prescription drugs
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Areas of Specialization
- Clinical/Counseling- (treatment of people)
- Social- (social interactions, stereotypes, prejudies)
- Developmental- (examines moral, social, and cognitive development
- Experimental- (areas of sensation, learning, human performance)
- Biological- (research of physical and chemical changes that occur during stress, learning and emotions)
- Cognitive- (how we process, store, and retrieve information)
- Psychometrics- ( focus on measurement of people's abilities, skills, intelligence, personality, and abnormal behaviors)
- Industrial/Organizational-(examines the relationship of people and their work environments)
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