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caralarissa
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Determinate
Fate of each cell is determined
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Indeterminate
Fate of cell is determined at a later time
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Stem Cell
Taking of a cell and trying to convince it that it is a new cell at the beginning of its formation
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Multicellular Ancestor
- Assymetrical ancestor
- Radial ancestor
- Bilateral ancestor -> Coelomate
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Prorifera
- Sponges
- Assymmetry
- No tissues
- Aggregate of cells
- Spicules - supportive
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What are the names of the 8 phylum?
- Chordates
- Echinoderms
- Arthropods
- Annelids
- Mollusks
- Platyhelminths
- Cnidarians
- Profiera
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Which have coelomate ancestors?
- Deuterostomes (Chordates, echinoderms)
- Protosomes (anthropods, annelids, mollusks)
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Cnidaria
- jellyfish - medusa stage
- anemones - polyp
- hydra - polyp
- corals - colonial polyps
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What are the characteristics of cnidarians?
- 2 tissue layers (ectoderm & endoderm)
- Radial symmetry
- Toxic substance
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What are humans?
Homo sapiens
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What are the different body plans and examples of each?
- Radial symmetry - jellyfish
- Bilateral symmetry - humans
- Assymmetry - no symmetry
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Ectoderm
epidermis and nerve chord
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Mesoderm
Blood - skeletal system, muscle, blood vessels
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Coelom
Body cavity surrounded by differentiated mesoderm
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Protosomes
- 1st mouth
- Blastophore -> mouth
- Ectoderm forms the skeleton
- Mesoderm splits to form coelom
- Determinate spinal cleavage
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Deuterostomes
- 2nd mouth
- Blastophore forms anus and second opening becomes teh mouth
- Mesoderm outpouches
- Indeterminate radial cleavage
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Platyhelminths
- Flat worms
- Free living - planaria
- Cephalization
- Bilateral
- Gastrovascular cavity
- Parasitic (tapeworm
- 3 tissue layers
- no coelom
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How do tapeworm absorb nutrients?
Through their integument
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Nematodes
- (worms)
- Free-living in soil
- Parasitic
- Complete digestive tract
- Grow by shedding outter cuticle
- Have coelom
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Caehorhabdits Elegans (C. Elegans)
- Nematodes
- 1000 cells as an adult
- 15,000 different genes
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Population
Group of individuals of the same species taht live in the same area at the same time
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Species (morphological and biological concept)
- Biological - group of indiviuals that interbreed and produce viable fertile offspring
- Morphological - Tyrannosaurus Rex
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What does the population of snapping turtles look for?
- # of females producing nests
- # of eggs per nest
- Size of eggs
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Emmigration
Leaving population
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Immigration
Entering population
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J-shaped curve
exponent growth
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What happens if the populations continues to grow exponentially?
Resources become limited
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What leads to introspecific competition?
K
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Introspecified competition
Competition within a species
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Density - dependent factors that affect population growth
Dependent on food
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Density - indepedent factors that affet population growth
- Dependent solely on the individuals and not food
- Disease
- Climate
- Weather
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Opportunistic Life History
- Demonstrate r-selective traits
- No parental care
- Many small offspring
- "boom and bust"
- Less stable population
- More likely to be affected by density independent factors
- Semelparity
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Semelparity
Die after giving birth
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Equilibrial Life Histories
- Demonstrate k-selective traits
- Few large offspring
- Parental care
- Live within their carrying capacity
- Stable population
- Density - dependent factors
- Many reproductive eventss (interoparity)
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Interparity
Capable of reproducting many times during life cycle
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R-selective traits
Traits that have evolved to increase reproduction
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K-selective Traits
Evolved to allow animals to live within their carrying capacity
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Communities
Groups of different species interacting with each other
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Species Diversity
- # of different species
- Relative abundance of each species
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Exploitative Competition
When consumption of a limiting resource by one species makes that resource unavailable for consumption by others
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Interference Competition
- Occurs directly between individuals via aggression
- etc. when the individuals interfere with foraging, survival,
- reproduction of others, or by directly preventing their physical establishment in a portion of the habitat.
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Niche
Everything an animal does (eat, mate)
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What did Gause discover?
Competitive exclusion
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Competitive Exclusion
States that two species with identical niches cannot coexist in the same place if other ecological factors are constant. When one species has even the slightest advantage or edge over another, then the one with the advantage will dominate in the long term.
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Niche overlap
When two species compete for the sme limiting resource therefor tehy overlap and develop similar traits
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Why is introspective competition more serious than interspecific competition?
Because the species compete within their own species
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Barnacle
- A type of arthropod belonging to infraclass Ciripedia in the subphylum Crustacea
- Related to crabs and lobsters
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Symbiotic Relationships
- mutualism - both organisms benefit
- Ex. Yucca plant and yucca moth: The yucca plant uses the moth for pollination and the yucca moth lays eggs in ovaries of yucca plany & larvae hatch and feed on the seeds
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Other examples of symbiotic relationships
- Acadia trees & ants: The trees have nodules that the ants live in and it also provides food for the ants
- Trees and Fungi-mycorrhizae: Trees provide food for fungi & fungi bring inorganic nutrients & water
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Coevolution
- Also known as the Red Queen hypothesis
- Students keep evolving with cheating mechanisms and professors catch on so in the end, everyone is in the same place
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Protosomes
- Mollusks
- Bivalves
- Gastropods
- Cephalopods
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Bivalves
- 2 shells
- Clams, mussels, oysters
- Scallops -> take in water to trap to make mucous
- mucus helps food particles pass through the mouth
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Gastropods
- Snails, slugs
- Feed by graspping their radula (rough tongue) - scrapes food it is eating
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Cephalopods
- Octopus, squids
- Internal support system ("pen")
- "beaks to scrape food
- Squirt out ink as a defense
- Eyes just as vertebrate eyes
- Octopus - changes color to camoflage
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Annelids
- (ventral nerve cord -> solid dorsal hearts)
- Segmented worms
- Circular & longitudinal muscles -
- contract longitudinal muscles body shortens
- contracts circular muscles body longates
- Individual compartments (coelom)
- Fluid filled
- Hydrostatic skeleton - w/o worm would be flat
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Major Groups of Annelids
- Oligochaetes - earthworms
- Polychaetes -clam worms
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Arthropods
- Chelicerates - horse shoe crabs
- Arachnids
- Crustaceans
- Insects
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Arachnids
- 4 leg pairs
- Spiders
- Scorpions
- Ticks
- Mites
- Inject a fluid into prey that digests the inside so predator can suck the fluid out
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Millipedes
- Herbivores
- 2 pair of legs per segment
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Centipedes
- Predators (carnivores)
- 1 pair of legs per segment
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Crustaceans
- Pecapods - 5 pair of legs
- Lobsters
- Shrimps
- Crabs
- Barnacles
- Krill
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Insects
- 3 pair of legs
- Acquatic
- Land
- Air
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Deuterostome Phyla
- Echinoderms
- Chordates
- Urochordates
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Echinoderms
- Sea stars - 2degrees radial
- Sea Cucumbers - water vascular system
- Sea urchins - set of tubes run through the body
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Chordates
- sub phylum - cephalochordata, urochordates vertebrates
- Dorsal hollow nerve chord
- Notochord (mouth)
- Gill slits
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Urochordates
- "uro" means tall
- Tunicates
- Sea squirst
- Subphylum - vertebrates (bone) presence of vertebral column
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Fish
- Tetrapods - amphibians, reptiles
- Birds are endothermic - feathers, hair
- Ectothermic - warm body with external heat
- Fish are ectothermic
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Mammals
- Monothemes
- Echialna -> spiny ant eater
- Duck billed platypus - leathery eggs, embryo hatched before developmetn attached to a sweat gland till mature
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Placentals
- Normal birth - embryo fuly grows into mom and tehn comes out
- Afterbirth (placenta_
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Keystone Predator
An animal that is important for maintainging species richness (number of species) in a community
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Prey Defenses
- Bad tasting
- Can make predator sick
- Spray noxcious chemicals - skunk
- Cause pain - bombadier beetle
- Advertising - animals with a white stripe should be avoided (hornets/ wasps have black & yellow stripes)
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Mimicry
Good tasting animal will mimic a bad tasting animal in order to protect itself from predators
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Snakes (coral snake)
- Red & yellow kill a fellow
- Red & black friend of Jack
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Camouflage
- Caterpillars camouflage into bird droppings
- Arctic hares fur changes from brown to white to avoid predators
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Succession
Changes in community overtime
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Primary Succession
- Volcanic island
- Recently deglaciated region
- Pioneer species -> grass -> weeds -> pernials -> shrubs -> trees
- (lichens)
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Secondary Succession
- Soil
- Forrest - remove trees
- -> farmland -> forrest
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Climax Community
Last kind of vegetation (final community)
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DDT
Pesticide used to kill mosquitos
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Laws of Thermodynamics
- Energy can not be created or destroyed but it can be converted into other forms of energy
- At every conversion, there is a loss of energy in the amount of ?
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Flow of energy
Producers (autotrophs) -> herbivores (grasshopper) -> carnivores -> decomposers
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Net primary productivity
Gross primary productivity - (minus) respiration
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Talga
- Cold
- Slower decompostition rates
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Temperate Decidous Forest
- Simultaneous leaf drop (fall)
- Simultaneous leaf out (spring)
- Warmer climate supports greater decomposition rates
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Tundra
- Lichens
- No trees
- Slow decompostion rate
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