Biology Final

Fate of each cell is determined

Fate of cell is determined at a later time

Taking of a cell and trying to convince it that it is a new cell at the beginning of its formation

• Assymetrical ancestor
• Radial ancestor
• Bilateral ancestor -> Coelomate

• Sponges
• Assymmetry
• No tissues
• Aggregate of cells
• Spicules - supportive

• Chordates
• Echinoderms
• Arthropods
• Annelids
• Mollusks
• Platyhelminths
• Cnidarians
• Profiera

• Deuterostomes (Chordates, echinoderms)
• Protosomes (anthropods, annelids, mollusks)

• jellyfish - medusa stage
• anemones - polyp
• hydra - polyp
• corals - colonial polyps

• 2 tissue layers (ectoderm & endoderm)
• Radial symmetry
• Toxic substance

Homo sapiens

• Radial symmetry - jellyfish
• Bilateral symmetry - humans
• Assymmetry - no symmetry

epidermis and nerve chord

Blood - skeletal system, muscle, blood vessels

gut lining

Body cavity surrounded by differentiated mesoderm

• 1st mouth
• Blastophore -> mouth
• Ectoderm forms the skeleton
• Mesoderm splits to form coelom
• Determinate spinal cleavage

• 2nd mouth
• Blastophore forms anus and second opening becomes teh mouth
• Mesoderm outpouches
• Indeterminate radial cleavage

• Flat worms
• Free living - planaria
• Cephalization
• Bilateral
• Gastrovascular cavity
• Parasitic (tapeworm
• 3 tissue layers
• no coelom

Through their integument

• (worms)
• Free-living in soil
• Parasitic
• Complete digestive tract
• Grow by shedding outter cuticle
• Have coelom

• Nematodes
• 1000 cells as an adult
• 15,000 different genes

Group of individuals of the same species taht live in the same area at the same time

• Biological - group of indiviuals that interbreed and produce viable fertile offspring
• Morphological - Tyrannosaurus Rex

• # of females producing nests
• # of eggs per nest
• Size of eggs

Leaving population

Entering population

exponent growth

Resources become limited

K

Competition within a species

Dependent on food

• Dependent solely on the individuals and not food
• Disease
• Climate
• Weather

• Demonstrate r-selective traits
• No parental care
• Many small offspring
• "boom and bust"
• Less stable population
• More likely to be affected by density independent factors
• Semelparity

Die after giving birth

• Demonstrate k-selective traits
• Few large offspring
• Parental care
• Live within their carrying capacity
• Stable population
• Density - dependent factors
• Many reproductive eventss (interoparity)

Capable of reproducting many times during life cycle

Traits that have evolved to increase reproduction

Evolved to allow animals to live within their carrying capacity

Groups of different species interacting with each other

• # of different species
• Relative abundance of each species

When consumption of a limiting resource by one species makes that resource unavailable for consumption by others

• Occurs directly between individuals via aggression
• etc. when the individuals interfere with foraging, survival,
• reproduction of others, or by directly preventing their physical establishment in a portion of the habitat.

Everything an animal does (eat, mate)

Competitive exclusion

States that two species with identical niches cannot coexist in the same place if other ecological factors are constant. When one species has even the slightest advantage or edge over another, then the one with the advantage will dominate in the long term.

When two species compete for the sme limiting resource therefor tehy overlap and develop similar traits

Because the species compete within their own species

• A type of arthropod belonging to infraclass Ciripedia in the subphylum Crustacea
• Related to crabs and lobsters

• mutualism - both organisms benefit
• Ex. Yucca plant and yucca moth: The yucca plant uses the moth for pollination and the yucca moth lays eggs in ovaries of yucca plany & larvae hatch and feed on the seeds

• Acadia trees & ants: The trees have nodules that the ants live in and it also provides food for the ants
• Trees and Fungi-mycorrhizae: Trees provide food for fungi & fungi bring inorganic nutrients & water

• Also known as the Red Queen hypothesis
• Students keep evolving with cheating mechanisms and professors catch on so in the end, everyone is in the same place

• Mollusks
• Bivalves
• Gastropods
• Cephalopods

• 2 shells
• Clams, mussels, oysters
• Scallops -> take in water to trap to make mucous
• mucus helps food particles pass through the mouth

• Snails, slugs
• Feed by graspping their radula (rough tongue) - scrapes food it is eating

• Octopus, squids
• Internal support system ("pen")
• "beaks to scrape food
• Squirt out ink as a defense
• Eyes just as vertebrate eyes
• Octopus - changes color to camoflage

• (ventral nerve cord -> solid dorsal hearts)
• Segmented worms
• Circular & longitudinal muscles -
• contract longitudinal muscles body shortens
• contracts circular muscles body longates
• Individual compartments (coelom)
• Fluid filled
• Hydrostatic skeleton - w/o worm would be flat

• Oligochaetes - earthworms
• Polychaetes -clam worms

• Chelicerates - horse shoe crabs
• Arachnids
• Crustaceans
• Insects

• 4 leg pairs
• Spiders
• Scorpions
• Ticks
• Mites
• Inject a fluid into prey that digests the inside so predator can suck the fluid out

• Herbivores
• 2 pair of legs per segment

• Predators (carnivores)
• 1 pair of legs per segment

• Pecapods - 5 pair of legs
• Lobsters
• Shrimps
• Crabs
• Barnacles
• Krill

• 3 pair of legs
• Acquatic
• Land
• Air

• Echinoderms
• Chordates
• Urochordates

• Sea stars - 2degrees radial
• Sea Cucumbers - water vascular system
• Sea urchins - set of tubes run through the body

• sub phylum - cephalochordata, urochordates vertebrates
• Dorsal hollow nerve chord
• Notochord (mouth)
• Gill slits

• "uro" means tall
• Tunicates
• Sea squirst
• Subphylum - vertebrates (bone) presence of vertebral column

• Tetrapods - amphibians, reptiles
• Birds are endothermic - feathers, hair
• Ectothermic - warm body with external heat
• Fish are ectothermic

• Monothemes
• Echialna -> spiny ant eater
• Duck billed platypus - leathery eggs, embryo hatched before developmetn attached to a sweat gland till mature

• Opossum
• Kangaroos
• Koalas

• Normal birth - embryo fuly grows into mom and tehn comes out
• Afterbirth (placenta_

An animal that is important for maintainging species richness (number of species) in a community

• Bad tasting
• Can make predator sick
• Spray noxcious chemicals - skunk
• Cause pain - bombadier beetle
• Advertising - animals with a white stripe should be avoided (hornets/ wasps have black & yellow stripes)

Good tasting animal will mimic a bad tasting animal in order to protect itself from predators

• Red & yellow kill a fellow
• Red & black friend of Jack

• Caterpillars camouflage into bird droppings
• Arctic hares fur changes from brown to white to avoid predators

Changes in community overtime

• Volcanic island
• Recently deglaciated region
• Pioneer species -> grass -> weeds -> pernials -> shrubs -> trees
• (lichens)

• Soil
• Forrest - remove trees
• -> farmland -> forrest

Last kind of vegetation (final community)

Pesticide used to kill mosquitos

• Energy can not be created or destroyed but it can be converted into other forms of energy
• At every conversion, there is a loss of energy in the amount of ?

Plants

Producers (autotrophs) -> herbivores (grasshopper) -> carnivores -> decomposers

Gross primary productivity - (minus) respiration

• Cold
• Slower decompostition rates

• Simultaneous leaf drop (fall)
• Simultaneous leaf out (spring)
• Warmer climate supports greater decomposition rates

• Lichens
• No trees
• Slow decompostion rate