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The first forensic laboratory in the U.S. was created in 1923 by the _________ Police Department.
Los Angeles
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The application of chemistry, physics, and geology to the identification and comparison of crime-scene evidence is the function of the _________ unit of a crime lab.
Physical Science
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The Italian scientist ________ devised the first workable procedure for typing dried blood stains.
Lattes
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The examination of blood, hairs, fibers, and vegetative materials is conducted by the _______ unit of the crime lab.
biology
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Four important agencies offering forensic service at the federal level are:
FBI, DEA, The U.S. Postal service, and BATFE
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The application of science to law describes _________.
Forensics
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The application of science to criminal investigation was advocated by the Austrian magistrate __________
Hans Gross
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The comparison microscope became an indispensable tool of firearm investigation through the efforts of ____________
Calvin Goddard
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A system of personal identification using a series of body measurements was first devised by ___________
Alfonse Bertillon
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What is the name of the ID system using body measurements?
anthropometry
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An _________ is one who can demonstrate a particular skill or has knowledge in a trade or profession that will assist the court in determining the truth of the matter at issue.
expert witness
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A decentralized system of crime labs currently exists in the U.S. under auspices of various government agencies at what 4 levels?
federal, state, county, municipal
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Early efforts at applying scientific principles to document examination were associated with ___________.
Albert Osborn
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The ______________ unit dispatches trained personnel to the scene of the crime to retrieve evidence for lab examination.
evidence collection
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In contrast to the U.S., Britain's crime lab system is characterized by a nation system of _________ labs.
regional
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The examination of bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and ammunition of all types is the responsibility of the _________ unit.
firearms
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The fictional exploits of ______________ excited the imagination of an emerging generation of forensic scientists and criminal investigators.
Sherlock Holmes
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Who was the British author who wrote the exploits of Sherlock Holmes?
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
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The examination of body fluids and organs for drugs and poisons is the function of the ___________ unit.
toxicology
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____________ is responsible for developing the first statistical study proving the uniqueness of fingerprints.
Francis Galton
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One of the first functional crime labs to be formed existed in Lyons, France, under the direction of ________
Locard
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The state of ___________ is an excellent example of a geographical area in the U.S. that has created a system of integrated regional and satellite labs.
California
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The "general acceptance" principle, which serves as a criterion for the judicial admissibility of scientific evidence, was set forth in the case of _____________.
Frye vs. United States
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The FBI, the world's largest forensic lab, was established in 1932 under the leadership of ____________.
Edgar Hoover
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The name of Albert Osborn's text of 1910 was ______________
Questioned Documents
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The ___________ of death relates to the circumstances in which the cause of death occurred.
manner
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The physical or biochemical abnormality incompatible with life is considered to be the _______________
mechanism of death
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The _______ _________ __________ states that exchange of materials between two objects occurs whenever two objects come into contact with each other.
Locard Exchange Principle
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The _____________ unit applies science to law to perform failure analysis, accident reconstruction, and design review.
forensic engineering
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If you were in the field of __________ __________, you would identify body tissues and fluids, perform immunoassays, and perform DNA analysis.
forensic serology
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If you were a __________ _________ you would work part time identifying deceased persons using dental records.
forensic odontologist
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If you had a career as a ___________ ______________ you would recover and identify skeletal remains.
forensic anthropologist
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If you were a ___________ ____________ then you would perform autopsies and determine cause and manner of death.
forensic pathologist
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______________ was the world's preeminent microscopist who educated thousands of forensic scientists.
Walter McCrone
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_____________ recognized that blood could be grouped as A, B, AB, and O in 1901.
Landsteiner
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The term ______________ encompasses all objects that can be used to establish whether a crime has been committed or can provide a link between a crime and the victom or perpetrator.
physical evidence
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Evidence that can be traced to a common source with an extremely high degree of probability is said to possess ___________ characteristics.
individual
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In the case of Michigan vs. Tyler , the Supreme Court dealt with search and seizure procedures at an ___________ scene.
arson
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The techniques of physical evidence collection require a highly skilled individual who must specialize in this area of investigation. (T/F)
False
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The process of _____________ determines the substance's physical or chemical identity with as near absolute certainty as existing analytical techniques will permit.
identification
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Most physical evidence collected at a crime scene will require the accompanying submission of __________ material for comparison purposes.
exemplar
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All unauthorized persons must be ___________ from the crime scene.
excluded
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Evidence associated with a group and not to a single source is said to possess ______ characteristics.
class
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In the case of Mincey vs. Arizona, the Supreme Court restricted the practice of conducting an ___________ search at a homicide scene.
unwarranted
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A crime can accurately be reconstructed solely on the presence or absence of physical evidence. (T/F)
False
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Three methods of recording the crime scene are:
Photography, sketches, and notes
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The number and type of tests needed to identify a substance must be sufficient to ___________ all other substances from consideration.
eliminate
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The most important prerequisite for photographing a crime scene is to have it in an __________ condition.
unaltered
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The possibility of future legal proceedings requires that a _________________ be established with respect to the possession and location of physical evidence.
chain of custody
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__________ is the frequency of occurrence of an event.
Probability
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Photographs of physical evidence must include overviews as well as _________ to record details of the objects.
close ups
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One of the major deficiencies of forensic science is the inability of an examiner to assign exact or approximate probability values to the comparison of most class physical evidence. (T/F)
True
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Charred debris recovered from the scene of an arson is best placed in an ___________ container.
air tight
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The two types of sketches to be made of a crime scene are:
rough and scaled
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A _________ analysis subjects a suspect and standard/reference specimen to the same tests and examination for the ultimate purpose of determining if they have a common origin.
comparison
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As a matter of routine, all items of clothing are to be _________ before packaging.
air-dried
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A search for physical evidence can be done by these methods:
quadrant, grid, spiral, or line
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Modern analytical techniques have become so sensitive that the forensic examiner must be aware of the _________________ that exists among materials when interpreting the significance of comparative data.
limit of natural variation
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Besides the more obvious items of physical evidence, possible __________ of trace evidence must be collected for detailed examination in the lab.
carriers
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The Latin term for "is there a crime" is:
corpus delecti
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The value of class physical evidence lies in its ability to provide _____________ of events that is as nearly as possible free from human error.
corroboration
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Each item collected at a crime scene must be placed in a __________ and the __________ container.
separate, proper
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A voice recording or a videotape of the crime scene must later be ___________.
transcribed
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Three types of non-airtight packaging used for bloodstained evidence:
a manilla folder, a paper bag, and a cardboard box
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The distinction between individual and class characteristics is always easy to make. (T/F)
False
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Chain of custody should at a minimum contain:
finder's initials, location, and recipient's signature
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The ___________ accorded to physical evidence during a trial is left entirely to the trier of fact.
weight
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Physical evidence who's origin is known is called
standard.
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Uncontaminated surface material close to the area of physical evidence is called:
substrate control
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Physical evidence cannot be sued to exclude or exonerate a person from the suspicion of committing a crime. (T/F)
False
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When submitting evidence to the crime lab the submission form should include the following:
a case summary, type of tests desired, and an inventory of items to be tested.
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The technical term for where the crime took place is:
venule
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__________ ___________ _______________ is the method used to support a likely sequence of events by the observation and evaluation of physical evidence.
Crime scene reconstruction
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Multiplying together the frequencies of independently occurring genetic markers to obtain an overall frequency of occurrence for a genetic profile is known as the ______________.
product rule
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[Open Ended] List at least 10 types of physical evidence.
hair, glass, fibers, firearms, explosives, traces of fuel, body fluids, fingerprints, impressions, and soil or vegetation.
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[Open Ended] Draw a diagram that shows the relationship between personnel and crime scene reconstruction.
Draw a bubble diagram with "Crime scene reconstruction" in the middle, then connect medical examiner, criminalists, and law enforcement to crime scene reconstruction in the middle.
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[Open Ended] State the eight universal rules of crime scene investigation.
- 1.Close off the crime scene
- 2. Create a log of all persons leaving the crime scene
- 3. Take photographs
- 4. Sketch crime scene? (I cannot read Mrs Donnely's correction on my test)
- 5. Photograph recovery process
- 6. Retrieve victim and evidence
- 7. Create chain of custody
- 8. Generate Report
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[Open Ended] What are the four allowances to justify a warrantless search?
- 1. Lawful arrest for another offense.
- 2. With permission of the parties involved
- 3. The destruction of evidence is suspected.
- 4. In the case of an emergency
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[Open Ended] Briefly describe the eight rules for safety put forth by the International Association for the Identification Safety Committee.
- 1. Wear gloves at all times.
- 2. Take care when handling sharp objects.
- 3. Place all infectious materials in a red biohazard bag
- 4. Wear protective masks.
- 5. Take notes with uncontaminated gloves.
- 6. No eating, drinking or smoking
- 7. Non-disposable items in yellow laundry bag
- 8. If protective item is compromised, remove immediately and decontaminate.
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[Open Ended] List at least five items that are collected at autopsy and sent to the Crime Lab.
- 1. hair sample
- 2. nail scrapings
- 3. clothing
- 4. blood sample
- 5. Swabs (hand, oral, anal, vaginal)
- 6. Recovered bullets
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