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Herodotus
- first major prose work
- believe things works they way the gods have wanted it
- raised the idea that Greeks may have got their gods from Egypt
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Thucydides
- ooposite to Herodotus
- doesn't believe in prophecies
- wrote about mutilation of the Herms and profanation of the Mysteries
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Pausanias
- writing in the Roman period
- tourist guide to Greece
- after Homer
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Xenophon
- wrote about traditions
- tells what to ask god and what and when to do so
- rich young man hung out with Socrates, Plato
- free-lance: able to interpret (flight of bird, entrails, song, liver condition, weather: thunder vs eclipse, etc)
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Aristotle
wrote about Athenian government
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Callimachus
wrote more hymns
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Plutarch
wrote biographies
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Gaia + Ouranos (sky)
Titans: Rhea, Kronos, etc.
Beginning of Theogony...
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Zeus
- god of hospitality
- Paris commited offence when he was a gueat and took Menelaus' wife
- has a festival every 4 years
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Poseidon
- horsemanship
- seamanship
- father of Theseus (one of the kings of Athens)
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Apollo
- son of Leto (Titan) and Zeus
- laurel tree, lyre, prophecy, health and healing, archery
- born in Delos - major festival
- & at Delphi - where he defeated Python = becomes a man
- sun god
- hymn to Apollo
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Hermes
- protects heralds
- trickster, thief
- can conduct the dead
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Hephaestus
- recent god
- son of Hera, no sex
- blacksmith, artist
- associated with Prometheus
- parent of Athenian king
- husband of Aphrodite
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Dionysus
- born from Zeus' thigh
- also stands for transverstism
- murder and dismemberment of kids
- w/ Demeter, important god of agriculture
- festival of Dionysus - spends a night with the queen
- AKA BACCHUS
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Hera
- goddess of marriage
- on Melenaus' side vs Aprodite/Paris
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Athena
- war goddess
- olive tree, oil
- virgin
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Deukalion
survivor, ancestor of Noah('s ark)
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Pelops
- Pindar - end of Bronze, before Trojan
- hero cult
- wants to get married, father makes chariot race
- Poseidon owes him a favor, got horses with wings
- won and had 6 sons, making lineage
- dismembered by dad - fed to the gods
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Erechtheus
- Homer
- king of Athens, raised by Athena
- born from the Earth, Hephaistos
- rams and bulls sacrifice
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Medea's children
- killed her own children
- cults formed for the kids
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Hippolytos
- play - never reached adulthood
- death punishment from Artemis?
- cult formed - girls cut their hair and sing for him
- EURIPIDES
- ANOTHER SOURCE: devote to Artemis
- Aphrodite jealous, led his death
- fell of chariot, dragged to death
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Curse of Alcmeouidar
- Herodotus
- Thucydides
- Plutarch
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Delos
- where Apollo was born
- free of miasma (births, deaths, sex, murder, etc.)
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Bothroc
- a pit
- size of cupid?: elbow to finger (1.5 ft)
- can be used to pour libation
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Amphidroma
- ritual once child reaches the age of 10
- big feast to welcome new fam member
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APATOURIA
- father introduces son to phratry
- festival were reigstration takes place
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Apella
- another party for boy - adult
- uncut hair
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Role of women
- washing clothes + corpses + sing
- profession mourners
- corpse are found outside city
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Aphrodite
acts of blood and killing
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Solon
- great reformer
- policices reduces aristocracu
- changing Athens into a democratic city
- made a calendar, did not survive
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Peisistratos
- politician, tyrant
- from the lower class - ideas favour that class
- came to power by riding chariot w/ "Athena/Aphrodite"
- made Panathenaia festival major
- made definitive form of Homeric epic
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PANATHENAIA FESTIVAL
- NEW YEAR FESTIVAL
- Hekatombaion month
- biggest festival in Athens
- birthday of Athena
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Kleishthenes
- reformer - father of Athenian democracy
- help "form" new heroes and 10 tribes (choosen by Apollo)
- system went from Athens divided into 4 to 10 tribes
- list sent to Delphi
- breaking of the royalty, all fair game for tribe to be chosen
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Enthousiasmos
- possesion of a god
- god within you
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Oedipus [ed-ee-pus]
- marries his mother
- kills his father, but does not know those are his parents
- prophecy of his story
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Delphi
- where Zeus' "rock" - tourist attraction
- new cult of Apollo
- prophets are there
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XenophANES
- ancient philosopher, poet, religious critic
- rejects divination (knowledge of superstition, gods, etc)
- noticed that humans have morality but not the gods
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Choes
- jugs / pitchers
- drinking of wine jugs
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Dionysos Lenaios
- Lenaia festival
- winter
- "D's stuff"
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Dionysos en limnais
in the marshes
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ATHESTERIA FESTIVAL
- 3 day festival
- spring time (flowers bursting) - new vinage
- Elaphebolion: month (12th)
- 1) jar opening: pithoigia - tasing wine mixed w/ water
- 2) day of jugs: choes - silent drinking contest, prize is prostitute
- 3) chytori
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Skirophorion
YEAR END FESTIVAL
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THESMOPHORIA
- Demeter festival
- sacrifice of pigs - thesmos
- 1) Andos: "going up", Kore going up, women going up hill
- 2) Nesteia: "fasting" - weeping of Kore (not eating, sitting, etc.)
- 3) Kalligeneia: "fair birth" goddess, no myths, prayer for good outcome for pregnancy - care of the little boy
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Kykeon
only source of nutrient Demeter takes
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AISCHROLOGIA
- women being verbal abusive
- relates to housemaid telling dirty joke to Demeter
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Autochthonous
- reptilian of the earth
- native to Athenian land
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Bacchae, Maenads
- myth of women who leave all their duties behind
- live in the wild like animals
- has strength to tear animals
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Theseus
slayer of minotaur
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Attica
- calendar
- parts of it from Solon
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Epimenides
- purified Athens from Alcmeonidae curse
- PLutarch
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Marathon vow
goat for Athena
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"Wooden wall" prophecy
prophecy for Athenians to win war, they must use ships
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Kimon
- brought home bones of Theseus
- part of Aristocratic family
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Periclean
- racialist, furious about people putting beliefs into superstition, oracles, etc.
- used rational reason to explain the plague
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Psyche
breath > life > shades, ghost > soul
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Death - Homer Odysseys
- Odyseus goes to underworld
- digs hole, does rituals
- finds mom in underworld (didn't know she died)
- tried hugging her
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Death
- in Iliad
- Achilles
- Hesiod
- Iliad: men died in Trojan War > last breath, cannot come back once it leaves the teeth barriar
- man appears to Achilles, tells of a river to get to Hades' realm
- Cerberus (3 headed dog) @ gates
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Tantalus
- man who killed his son Pelops, try to feed the gods
- Demeter ate, depressed over Kore
- gods punished him, that water and food would recede away from him
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Isles of the blest
Plutarch
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Aristophanes
- wrote Clouds
- about Socrates, making fun of intellectuals (pale, skinny, knowing answers to questions ppl dont need to know)
- Socrates = whipping boy
- orginally ended with play with Sophists winning
- changed the ending, Athenians burning down the establishment
- science is discredited
- is there a Zeus?
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Alcibiades or Alkibiades
- pupil of Socrates
- charged with mutilation oof Hermes
- Anaxagoras Trial
- by Plutarch
- ppl pretending to carry out Eleusis mysteries
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Polygnotus
- painter
- did painting of Odysseus among the dead
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Pythagoras
- Ionian, mathematician, scientist, teacher
- taught reincarnation
- started the story, when a dog was being beaten, told the abuser that it was his friend reincarnated
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Pythagorean life
- vegetarians possibly - cannot eat animals - another's soul
- women were treated equally
- avoided wine?
- 5 year vow of silence
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Mystics
group of people with special knowledge
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PINDAR
- wrote odes when people won a contest
- Panhellenic, Olympian games, Atheletic and muscial festival
- poets are hired to celebrate victory
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Mysticism vs Pythgoreans vs Orphism
all believe in reincarnation
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Anthropology - how do people come to believe in gods
- from basic elements: sun water, wind, etc.
- anyone who taught humans a skill, were made into a god
- (e.g. agriculuter, wine, sea, fire)
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Hercules
- important to Mystics
- overcame death
- doing other people's work
- myth hero, saga, son of Zeus
- miserable life, 12 labours
- >killed by his wife by accident (poison burning his skin)
- request to be taken to Mount Oiyta to be burned at altar
- resurrects and goes to heaven with new wife
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PRODICUS or Prodikos
- Sophist
- no actually writing but quotes
- wrote about Hercules chosing between two paths
- Virtue vs Vice
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Socrates
- all quoted from Plato
- jury condemn him to death because he was not religious
- friends with Critius or Kritos: who was a villian
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Skirophoria
- 2 princesses of Athens in Acropolis
- women are in charge
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Plato
- mathematician and astronomer
- saw pattern in weather, sky, etc,
- rejects the truth of Greek mths
- Hesiod and Homer stories must be removed
- (Zeus over throwing Kronos, battle of the giants
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