Path 1 Block 1

Cause:

Mechanism of development:

Structural changes induced in the cells and organs of the body

Functional consequences of the morphological changes

Macroscopic/Microscopic

Expected outcome

study of cadavers

examination of tissues from living patients

study of individual cells

analysis of various specimens

medicolegal investigation into death

needle inserted into mass to obtain a bit of tissue

incision made to obtain a larger mass of tissue

mass or entire organ removed

• fine needle aspiration cytology
• - thin bore needle used to obtain a few cells

done to get a rapid diagnosis while the patient is on the operating table

• hematoxylin - nuclei
• eosin - cytoplasm

mucin

melanin

iron/hemosidrin

Fat

connective tissue

amyloid

bacteria

spirochetes (syphylis, Lyme disease)

• -mycobacterium tuberculosis
• -M leprae

fungi/pneumocystis carinii

• glycogen/mucin/fungi
• -for outlining tissue structures, basement membrane, capsules etc

peripheral smears

differentiate CML from leukemoid rxn

hairy cell leukemia

myeloblasts

cytokeratin, vimentin, desmin, PSA

• May-Grunwald-Giemsa
• Papanicolaou (PAP)

• increase in # of cells
• potential for developing cancer if not treated

• increase in size of cells
• usually occurs w/hyperplasia

decrease in size/function of cells

replacement of 1 cell type by another

disorderly growth

breast/uterus during pregnancy

high unopposed estrogen = endometrial hyperplasia***

undergo hyperplasia

undergo hyperplasia/hypertrophy

undergo hypertrophy only

disuse, denervation, reduced blood supply, indadequate nutrition, decreased hormonal stimulation, aging, occlusion of secretory ducts, pressure

• indigestible yellow-brown material left behind after cell autophagy
• "wear and tear" pigment

abscence of an organ due to failure to develop

primordium is present but no further development

incomplete or partial development

replacement of 1 adult cell type by another

• columnar cells in lung replaced by squamous in order to tolerate chronic cigarette smoke
• OFTEN REVERSIBLE***

• replacement of squamous by glandular epithelium
• ex - Barrett's esophagus

• connective tissue in abnormal places
• ex - sesamoid bone in muscle

• blood formation outside of bone marrow
• ex - spleen or liver

• disorderly growth/proliferation of cells
• change in size/shape/number
• loss of organization
• may progress to cancer if irritant is not removed

complaining of

inadequate oxygenation of tissue

decreased arterial flow to tissue

decreased amt of O₂ dissolved in plasma

decreased O₂ carrying capacity of blood

• decreased ATP production
• impaired Na-K ATPase = cellular swelling

• switch to anaerobic glycolysis for ATP
• then depletion of glycogen
• then accumulation of lactic acid
• increased pH, denaturation of proteins, denatured enzymes, decreased protein synthesis, accumulation of lipid

• release of cytochrome C into cytosol
• (trigger for apoptosis)

enzyme activation - ATPase, phopholipase, proteased, endoculeases

shrinkage and darkening of the nucleus

fragmentation and breakdown of the nucleus

dissolution of the nucleus into "purple haze"

• cessation of blood flow followed by its restoration
• may cause death of some cells via apoptosis

• increased generation of free radicals
• influx of Ca²⁺

• 1. lipid peroxidation of membranes = increased permeability
• 2. oxidative modification of proteins = protein fragmentation/degradation
• 3. rxns w/thymine, thymine dimers = single stranded breaks in DNA

• cytochrome P-450 system in the liver
• this free radical then neutralized by glutathione leading to damage to hepatocyte
• FR damages hepatocyte cell membrane
• MCC OF FULMINANT HEPATIC NECROSIS DUE TO A DRUG

death of tissue due to blockage in blood supply

atherosclerotic plaque - cholesterol crystals