-
proteins contain the atoms as carbohydrates and lipids- carbon,hydrogen and oxygen-but protein contain_______
nitrogen atom
-
compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen atoms, arranged into amino acids linked in a chain
proteins
-
protein assume _____ and _____, which enable them to play their vital roles in the body
- extraordinary
- unique shapes
-
people commonly associate protein with ______ and ______
-
a vital structural and working substance in all cells, not just muscles
protein
-
these____ give the name amino to the amino acids-links in the chain
protein
-
all amino acids have the same structure
- central carbon with hydrogen
- amino acid group
- an acid group attached to it
-
Carbon atoms need to foom __ bonds, so the ___ attachment is necessar, and it is the ____ site that distinguishes each amino acids from the other
-
Attached to the carbon atom at the fourth bond is a distinct atom, or group of atoms known as
side group or side chain
-
building blocks of protein
amino acids
-
A protein is made up of about _____ different amino acids, each with a ______ side group
-
simplest amino acid- has hydrogen atom as its side
glycine
-
amino acids that the body can synthesize
nonessential amino acids
-
how many are nonessential amino acids
11 nonessential amino acids
-
amino acids that the body cannot synthesize in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs
essential amino acids
-
how many are essential amino acids
9
-
There are ____ amino acids that the body either cannot make at all or cannot make in sufficient quantity to meets its needs
9
-
These nine amino acids must be supplied by the ______
diet
-
an amino acid that is normally nonessential but must be supplied by the diet in special circumstances when need for it exceeds the body's ability to produce it
conditionally essential acid
-
many (ten 0r more) amino acids bonded together
polypeptic
-
two amino acid bonded together
dipeptide
-
substances that are attracted to water
hydrophilic
-
substances that are repelled by water
hydrophobic
-
As amino acids are strung together to make a _______, the chain folds so that its charged hydrophilic side chains are on outer surface near water
polypeptide
-
As amino acids are strung together to make a polypetide, the chain folds so that its charged hydrophilic side chains are on outer surface _____ water
near
-
As amino acids are strung together to make a polypetide, the chain folds so that its charged _____ side chains are on outer surface near water
hydrophilic
-
chains that are neutral and are expelled by water
hydrophobic
-
As amino acids are strung together to make a polypetide, the neutral _____ groups tuck themselves inside, away from water
hydrophobic
-
The ____ shapes of proteins enable them to perform various task in the body
different
-
The different _____ of proteins enable them to perform various task in the body
shapes
-
the globular protein of the RBC that carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells through the body
hemoglobin
-
The large globularprotein molecule that packs the RBC and carries oxygen--is made of four associated polypeptide chains, each holding the mineral iron
hemoglobin
-
Protein function:some ______that can carry and store materials within them, and some such as those of tendons, are more than ten times as long as they are wide, forming strong rodlike structures
hollow balls
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When person eats food containing protein,_____break the long polypeptide strands into shorter strands
enzymes
-
When person eats food containing protein,enzymes break the_______ into shorter strands.
long polypeptide strands
-
When a person eats food containing protein:
1.Enzyme break the _______ into shorter strands
2 the short stands into _______.
3. and finally the tripeptide and diceptides to _______.
- 1. long polypeptide strands
- 2.tripeptide and dipeptide
- 3. amino acids
-
continious breakdown and synthesis of body proteins involving the recycling of amino acids
protein turnover
-
When protein breakdown- they ____ amino acids to join the general circulation
free
-
degredation and synthesis of endogenous protein
protein turnover
-
the amount of nitrogen consumed (N in) as compared with amount of nitrogen excreted (N out) in a given period of time
nitrogen balance
-
if the body maintains the same amount of protein in its tissues form from day to day it is called
nitrogen balance
-
if the body loses protein it is called
negative nitrogen balance
-
if the body adds protein it is called
positive nitrogen balance
-
Example of positive nitrogen balance
growing infants and children, pregnant women, people recovering from protein dificiency or illness
-
Example of negative nitrogen balance
starving or suffering other severe stress such as, burns, injuries, infections and fever
-
serve as protein catalyst
enzyme
-
In the stomach, hydrochloric acid uncoils(denature) each protein's tangled strands so that the digestive enzymes can attack the ______
peptide bonds
-
In the stomach, hydrochloric acid also converts the _____ form of the enzyme pepsinogen to its active form pepsin
inactive
-
a gastric protease
pepsin
-
In the stomach, hydrochloric acid also converts the inactive form of the enzyme pepsinogen to its active form ______
pepsin
-
When polypetides enter the small intestine, ______and _______ hydrolyze them further into short peptide chains,tripeptides,dipeptides and amino acids
- pancreatic
- intestinal protease
-
When polypetides enter the small intestine, pancreatic and intestinal proteases hydrolyze them further into:
short peptide chains,tripeptides,dipeptides and amino acids
-
The cells of the small intestines absorb ________and have peptidase enzymes on their surfaces that split most of the depeptides and tripeptides into single amino acids
amino acids
-
The cells of the small intestines absorb amino acids and have _____ enzymes on their surfaces that split most of the depeptides and tripeptides into single amino acids
peptidase
-
The cells of the small intestines absorb amino acid and have peptidase enzymes on their surfaces that _____ most of the depeptides and tripeptides into single amino acids
split
-
The cells of the small intestines absorb ______and have______enzymes on their surfaces that split most of the dipeptides and tripeptides into ______.
- amino acids
- peptidase
- single amino acids
-
A few dipeptides, tripeptides, and even larger molecules sometimes escape digestion and cross the digestive tract wall to enter the _______.
bloodstream
-
A few dipeptides, tripeptides, and even larger molecules sometimes escape digestion and cross the ______ to enter the bloodstream
digestive tract wall
-
Via digestion facilitated mostly by _______
stomach's acid and enzymes
-
The ____ first denatures dietary proteins, then cleaves them into polypeptides.
body
-
The body first denatures _______,then cleaves them into polypeptides.
dietary proteins
-
The carriers in the membrane of intestinal cells transport the amino acids into the cells, where they released into the __________
bloodstream
-
The carriers in the membrane of intestinal cells transport the amino acids into the ____, where they released into the bloodstream.
cells
-
The carriers in the membrane of intestinal cells transport the_____ into the cells, where they released into the bloodstream
amino acids
-
From the moment of conception, as the body grows, it uses protein as _________.
building blocks
-
proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process
enzyme
-
-
____not only break down substance, they also build substance and transform one substance into another
Enzymes
-
They are catalyst,permitting reactions to occur more quickly and efficiently than if substances depended on chance encounters alone
enzyme
-
hydrolyze larger compounds to smaller compounds
enzyme
-
cluster of lipids associated with proteins that serve as transport vehicle for lipids in the lymph and blood
lipoprotein
-
protein also ____ the body against disease.
defend
-
The protein are broken down by proteins(digestive enzymes) into ______
amino acids
-
The amino acids enter the body cells, where protein(syntetases)link them into ______ whose sequences are specified by DNA.
long chain
-
The ______ enter the body cells, where protein(syntetases)link them into long chain whose sequences are specified by DNA.
amino acids
-
The amino acids enter the body cells, where_____link them into long chain whose sequences are specified by DNA.
syntetases
-
The chain ____ and ____ forming proteins, some of which are enzyme
twist and fold
-
help to maintian the body's fluid and electrolyte balance
protein
-
help to maintain the balance between acids and bases with body fluids
protein
-
the swelling of body tissue caused by excessive amounts of fluid in the interstitial spaces
edema
-
seen in protein dificiency
edema
-
Normal body processes continually produce ___ and ____ which the blood carries to kidneys and lungs for excretion.
acid and base
-
Normal body processes continually produce acid and base which the blood carries to______and ____ for excretion
kidneys and lungs
-
The more hydrogen ions, the more concentrated the ____, which have positive charges.
acid
-
The more ______, the more concentrated the acid,which have positive charges.
hydrogen ions
-
Protein acts as a ____, maintaining the acid base of the blood and body bluids.
buffers
-
Protein acts as a buffers, maintaining the acid base of the _______.
blood and body bluids
-
Example of acid base balance:When denatured, loses its capacity to carry oxygen
hemoglobin
-
When denatured, loses its capacity to carry oxygen
hemoglobin
-
the carrier protein
transferrin
-
the protein residing in the cells of the intestinal walls
ferritin
-
the storage protein
ferritin
-
the red blood cell protein
hemoglobin
-
muscle cell protein
myoglobin
-
large proteins of the blood and body fluids, produced by the immune system in response to the invasion of the body by foreign molecules
antibodies
-
_____combine with and inactivate the the foreign invaders, thus protecting the body.
antibodies
-
the body's ability to recognize and eliminate foreign invaders.
immunity
-
each antibody is designed to destroy just ____ envader.
one
-
The next time the body encounter the same invader it will produce antibodies even more quickly. It develops a molecular memory called
immunity
-
protein is constantly being made and ________
broken down
-
the protein in the body
endogenous protein
-
protein that participate the flux
endegoneous protein
-
protein in foods is called
exogenous protein
-
serve the body as building blocks in the growth and repair of tissue
protein
-
protein serve the body as ________ in the growth and repair of tissue
building blocks
-
protein are constantly ____and ____ as needed
synthesized and broken down
-
The body's assimilation of amino acids into proteins and release of amino acids via protein degradation and excretion can be tracked by measuring ________, which should be _____ during growth and ______ in adulthood.
- nitrogen balnce
- positive
- steady
-
An energy deficit or an inadequate protein intake may force the body to use amino acids as fuel- causing_______.
negative nitrogen balance
-
Protein eaten in excess of need is degraded and stored as _____.
body fat
-
Protein eaten in excess of need is ____ and ____as body fat.
-
When glucose or fatty acids are limited, cells are forced to use amino acids for ______ and _____.
-
The body does not make a _______ form of protein as it does for carbohydrate and fat.
specialized storage
-
Glucose stored as glycogen and fat as _______, but protein in the body is available only as the working and structural components of the tissues.
triglycerides
-
Glucose stored as glycogen and fat as triglycerideds, but protein in the body is available only as the ______ and ______ components of the tissues.
-
When the need arises, the body_____ itd tissue proteins and uses them for energy
dismantle
-
To prevent protein beakdown, dietary protein must supply at least ___ amino acids plus enough nitrogen- containing _____ and _____for the synthesis of the others
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