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uebbingm
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Fluids and electrolytes are in these 3 things
- Body cells
- Tissue spaces between cells
- Blood
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Fluids and electrolytes function to
- 1. transport gases, nutrients and wastes
- 2. help generate electrical activity
- 3. help transform food to energy
- 4. maintain overall body activity
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Body fluids are broken up into
ICF and ECF
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Substances that can dissociate in solution to form charged particles; Cations and Anions
Electrolytes
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ECF is divided into 3 different compartments
- 1. Plasma
- 2. interstitial
- 3. transcellular
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When transcellular compartment enlarges this is called ___ and occurs in the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
third spacing
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the transfer of water between vascular and interstitial compartments occurs at this level and is controlled by these 4 forces and through these channels
- Capillary
- 1. Capillary filtration
- 2. Capillary Colloidal Osmotic pressure
- 3. interstitial hydrostatic pressure
- 4. Tissue colloidal osmotic pressure
- Lymph
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Palpable swelling produced by expansion of the interstitial fluid volume
edema
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Changes in ______result in changes in water volume
sodium
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Who has a higher total body water?
A. Women
B. Infants
C. Men
D. Obese
B. Infants, followed by men, women and obese (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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You gain water mostly through
A. oral intake
B. metabolic processes
Oral Intake
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Water is lost primarily through _____
the kidneys
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minimum urine output to eliminate metabolic waste is approx. __________
300-500 ml/day
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The kidneys promote_______when overloaded and _________water when ECF volume is decreased.
diuresis and conserve
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Water is reabsorbed by the _____and ______, but 150-200 ml is eliminated in the _____.
ileum and colon; feces
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These can disrupt absorption by removing large amounts of water from GI tract
diarrhea, drainage tubes, fistulas, GI suction
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Loss of skin integrity increases _______losses, called insensible losses.
evaporative
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Most abundant cation in the body, helps regulate the acid-base balance, aids in nervous system and regulates ECF volume
Sodium
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This organ largely regulates Na + output.
Kidney
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_______ regulates water intakes, while _____regulates water intake.
Thirst, and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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This is activated through
1. Cellular dehydration
2. Decreased blood volume
3. Angiotensin II increased due to low BP and blood volume
Thirst
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Decrease in the ability to sense thirst, caused by cerebral lesion in hypothalmus
hypodipsia
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________or excessive thirst can be caused by true thirst due to ______, vomiting, or diabetes or false thirst due to _____and CHF also compulsive in schizophrenics
Polydipsia, diarrhea, and renal failure.
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reabsorption of water by kidneys is regulated by ____
ADH or vasopressin
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a defect in synthesis of this hormone caused by head injury or a defect in kidney response can lead to diabetes insipidus, and a loss of water
Antidiuretic Hormone
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WIth an inappropriate secretion of ADH, urine output, Na+, BUN, Hct, and serum osmolarity all ________
decrease, because too much water is being retained.
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this results when there are proportional losses of sodium and water. there is a fluid volume deficit, yet lab values look normal>>dehydration occurs
hypovolemia
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Kidney is the major route for this electrolytes elimination, it is filtered in the glomerulous, the hormone aldosterone is important in its regulation
K+
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_______is critical for acid-base balance, concentrating urine, growth, muscle contraction
K+
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99% stored in bone
Calcium
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_____is absorbed in intestines with help of vitamin D, stored in bone, and excreted by kidneys. Sources are milk and milk products
Calcium
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regulates blood levels of calcium and phosphate
Parathyroid hormone
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_______get from diet, absorbed in intestines, excreted by kidneys. In green veg. grains, nuts meats, seafood, groundwater.
magnesium
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H2CO3 leaves the body through the______
lungs
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_____ is excreted by kidneys and buffered
HCO3-
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lactic acid is the result of incomplete oxidation of ______
ketoacid is the result of incomplete oxidation of _____
glucose, fats
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these are immediately available to combine with excess acids or bases while awaiting respiratory and renal mechanisms
Buffers
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three kinds of buffers
- 1.) Proteins-albumin and plasma globulins
- 2.) Bicarbonate
- 3.) Plasma K+/H+ exchange
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Arterial Blood Gas Level
pH
7.35-7.45
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Arterial Blood Gas Level
PaCO2
35-45 mmHg
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Arterial Blood Gas Level
HCO-3
22-26 mEq/L
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Arterial Blood Gas Level
PaO2
80-100 mmHg
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Arterial Blood Gas Level
O2 saturation
95%-100%
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Base excess/deficit
-3 to +3 mEq/L
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the amount of acid or base needed to achieve a pH of 7.4
base excess/deficit
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the difference between plasma concentration of Na+ and Cl- and HCO3-
anion gap
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acidosis
pH less than 7.35
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alkalosis
pH greater than 7.45
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a low pH caused by a decrease in HCO3-
metabolic acidosis
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increased pH caused by increased HCO3-
metabolic alkalosis
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a___in pH caused by decreased ventilation and a ___in PCO2 causes
respiratory acidosis
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an ___pH caused by increased ventilation and ___PCO2 results in
respiratory alkalosis
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