Greek II Midterm

Whenever a stop and a sigma come together, the square of Stop applies.

A tau cannot stand at the end of a word; it will drop off.

1st person: refers to the speaker(s)

2nd person: refers to the one(s) spoken to

3rd person: refers to the one(s) spoken about

1 - As the 3rd person personal pronoun

2 - Intensively, in place of the reflexive pronoun

3 - As the identical adjective ("same")

autos

• autos - he autoi - they
• autn - she autai - they
• auto - it auta - they

Translate with the reflexive pronoun based on the natural gender of the word modified:

himself, herself, itself, myself, themselves, etc.

"same"

Outos - this/he/she/it (sing) or These/they (plural)

and

Ekeivos - that (man/woman/thing) [sing] or Those (men/women/things) [plural)

They appear in the predicate position (Though they behave just like other pronouns and adjectives)

As a pronoun, the translation of the demostrative may require an additional word such as those in the parentheses.

i.e. ekeivn would be "that (man)"

If a demostrative is functioning as an adjective, it occurs in the predicate position although it functions as an attributive adjective.

i.e. outos o avQpwIIos (anthropos) - This man

who, whom, which, that and whose

(Relative pronouns are used to connect a dependent clause to another word, phrase, or clause by indicating the relationship of one person, place, or thing to another.)

the one who; he who; those who; you who, etc).

It is necessary to add a pronoun in front (as seen above) so that it is subordinate to something.

simply use "who," "which," or "that."

Notice the epsilon in front and the Theta for 1st Aorist

something done to the subject by a third party.

i.e. He (subject) was wanted (passive voice) by the police (third Party).

by using the helping verb "was/were" plus the past participle to translate the aorist passive.

i.e. He was wanted by the police.

by normally using the helping verbs "will" and "be" plust the past participle to translate the future passive.

i.e. I will be wanted by the police, if I don't keep the law.

* - 1st and 2nd Aorist have the have epsilon in front and future doesn't.

• * - 1st Aorist has a theta-eta combo
• &
• 2nd aorist only has the eta in the middle

• * - 1st Future has a theta-eta-sigma in the middle
• &
• 2nd future only has the eta-sigma

• The perfect is translated using the helping verb "has/have" plus the past participle"
• (This is if the emphasis is on the fact of the past completed action)
• i.e. I have learned

If the emphasis is onthe present resulting effect or state, the present tense is used.

i.e. I am standing at the door and knocking"

In the middle voice the subject acts on the direct object in a way that affects itself.

This is usually translated "for-self/selves"

1- Consonantal

2 - Consonantal with aspirate stops

3 - Consonant Clusters

4 - Vocalic

5 - Compound verbs

An initial consonant is reduplicated with an e (epsilon) in between

an aspirate stop is reduplicated wih its corresponding voiceless stop plus e (epsilon)

Only e (epsilon) is prefixed, except when lambda or row is the second consonant.

An initial vowel or diphthong is lengthened (only the first vowel)

Only the verbal part of the compound verb is reduplicated.

There is a Changed stem, and the tense formative is a (alpha) alone instead of ka (kappa-alpha)

1 - The classical definition: The action of a verb in the middle voice in some way affects the subject.

2 - The Self-interest nuance - is not necessarily a reflexive idea, though it can be similar. (The reflexive pronoun is usually required where the subject acts on itself) i.e. I obtain (for myself) or I dip myself.

3 - In the middle voice the subject acts on the direct object in a way that affects itself. i.e. "for-self/selves."

1 - Present Tense - continous aspect

2 - Aorist Tense - undefined aspect (statement of fact)

3 - Perfect Tense - completed aspect

As Verb they have tense and voice

As Adjectives, they have case, Number, gender

As Verb - never preceded by and article

As Adjective - may be preceded by an article

• * attributive (usually preceded by article)
• *predicative (never preceded by article)
• * substantive (usually preceded by article)

1 - What is the aspect (based on tense)?

2 - What is the voice?

3 - What is its meaning (based on lexical form, case, number, and gender)?

4 - What is its funcion in the sentence?

A) ending in -ing in English

B) most adverbial participles are best translated as temporal or Causal clauses.

the tense of the participle (present)

the tense of the verb

a subject to the participle

"having loosed" or " after he had loosed"

a noun or pronoun, or function like a substantive

they modify a subsantive and must agree with it in case, number, and gender.

they function like a noun or pronoun;

they are normally articular

their case is determined by their function

while their number and gender reflect that of the noun or pronoun they are representing

• who is loosing --
• frequently the use of a relative clause

as nouns, but more often they are better translated with a substantivized relative clause

• i.e. "The one who is loosing"

the tense