-
What animals should you never use atropine in?
-
What are the general principles of analgesia that you must understand?
- Pre-emptive analgesia
- Multimodal analgesia
- Regonal/local analgesia
- Analgesic infusions
-
What type of analgesia provides the best quality of analgesia?
Multimodal analgesia
-
What are the three general groups of opioid receptors?
(OR) 1, 2, 3
-
Opioid receptor 3 leads to.... (6)
- Activation of supraspinal analgesia
- Spinal analgesia
- Respiratory depression
- Emesis
- Euphoria
- Addiction
-
What opioid receptors are located principally in the limbic system and control analgesia and modulation of receptors 3?
Receptors 1
-
Opioid 2 Receptors are located where?
- Cerebral Cortex
- Spinal Cord
-
Opioid 2 Receptors control...
- Spinal analgesia
- Sedation
- Vasopressin release
- Diuresis
- Miosis
-
What are the two ways that opioids are classified?
- Pharmacological structure
- Receptor affinity
-
What are the four ways opioids can be classified concerning pharmacological structure?
- Endogenous opioid peptides
- Opium alkaloids
- Semi-synthetic opioids
- Fully synthetic opioids
-
In which animals is dysphoria and mania most common when administering opioids?
-
Can opioids be potent respiratory depressants, depressing both rate and tidal volume?
Yes
-
What kind of effect do opioids have on the cardiovascular system?
Minimal effects at therapeutic doses
-
Which opioid will almost always trigger vomiting?
Morphine
-
What effect do opioids have on the urinary system?
urine retention
-
Which animals show depressive effects in general when given opioids (6)?
- Humans
- Dogs
- Monkeys
- Rats
- Rabbits
- Birds
-
Which animals show excitability at low doses of opioids (5)?
- Horses
- Pigs
- Cattle
- Sheep
- Goats
-
Why do cats have dysphoric effects when given opioids?
- Cats have deficiencies in glucuronidation pathways (how opioids are metabolized)
- Also causes mydriasis
-
Which opioid has useful spasmolytic effects and should never be administered IV (causes histamine release and anaphylactoid reaction, collapse)?
Meperidine (Pethidine)
-
Morphine opioid causes?
- Nausea and vomiting
- Histamine release (following IV bolus)
- Inhibition of ADH -> urinary retention
-
What are the KEY potential side effects/concerns w/ opioid usage (10)?
- Human Abuse
- Tolerance/Dec Analgesic Efficacy
- Respiratory Depression
- GI fx
- Nausea/Vomiting
- Cardiovascuar Fx
- Dysphoria/Mania/Other behavioral
- Urinary Retention
- Biliary Stasis/Sphincter Closure
-
Which opioids are best for severe pain?
- Morphine
- Methadone
- Fentanyl
-
Which opioids are best for less painful procedures and less severe soft tissue injury?
-
Butorphanol is a poor ______, but a good ____ & _____
- poor Analgesic
- good Sedative and Anti-Tussive
-
Potency-
affinity for receptors
-
Of the Opioids, which is the most potent? The least potent?
- Most= Etorphin
- Least= Meperidine
-
-
Which opioid causes dysphoria in cats?
Butorphanol
-
What happens when Opioids are overdosed?
Greatly prolonged duration of action (switches from 1st order to 2nd order)
-
opioids are metabolized by...
the liver
-
Advantages of opioids (5):
- Positive Ventilatory Fx if decreased d/t pain
- Effects can be antagonized
- Dose Dependent/Receptors through out body
- Anaesthetic sparing effect
|
|