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The flashcards below were created by user
HLW
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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What animals should you never use atropine in?
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What are the general principles of analgesia that you must understand?
- Pre-emptive analgesia
- Multimodal analgesia
- Regonal/local analgesia
- Analgesic infusions
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What type of analgesia provides the best quality of analgesia?
Multimodal analgesia
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What are the three general groups of opioid receptors?
(OR) 1, 2, 3
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Opioid receptor 3 leads to.... (6)
- Activation of supraspinal analgesia
- Spinal analgesia
- Respiratory depression
- Emesis
- Euphoria
- Addiction
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What opioid receptors are located principally in the limbic system and control analgesia and modulation of receptors 3?
Receptors 1
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Opioid 2 Receptors are located where?
- Cerebral Cortex
- Spinal Cord
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Opioid 2 Receptors control...
- Spinal analgesia
- Sedation
- Vasopressin release
- Diuresis
- Miosis
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What are the two ways that opioids are classified?
- Pharmacological structure
- Receptor affinity
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What are the four ways opioids can be classified concerning pharmacological structure?
- Endogenous opioid peptides
- Opium alkaloids
- Semi-synthetic opioids
- Fully synthetic opioids
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In which animals is dysphoria and mania most common when administering opioids?
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Can opioids be potent respiratory depressants, depressing both rate and tidal volume?
Yes
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What kind of effect do opioids have on the cardiovascular system?
Minimal effects at therapeutic doses
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Which opioid will almost always trigger vomiting?
Morphine
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What effect do opioids have on the urinary system?
urine retention
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Which animals show depressive effects in general when given opioids (6)?
- Humans
- Dogs
- Monkeys
- Rats
- Rabbits
- Birds
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Which animals show excitability at low doses of opioids (5)?
- Horses
- Pigs
- Cattle
- Sheep
- Goats
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Why do cats have dysphoric effects when given opioids?
- Cats have deficiencies in glucuronidation pathways (how opioids are metabolized)
- Also causes mydriasis
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Which opioid has useful spasmolytic effects and should never be administered IV (causes histamine release and anaphylactoid reaction, collapse)?
Meperidine (Pethidine)
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Morphine opioid causes?
- Nausea and vomiting
- Histamine release (following IV bolus)
- Inhibition of ADH -> urinary retention
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What are the KEY potential side effects/concerns w/ opioid usage (10)?
- Human Abuse
- Tolerance/Dec Analgesic Efficacy
- Respiratory Depression
- GI fx
- Nausea/Vomiting
- Cardiovascuar Fx
- Dysphoria/Mania/Other behavioral
- Urinary Retention
- Biliary Stasis/Sphincter Closure
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Which opioids are best for severe pain?
- Morphine
- Methadone
- Fentanyl
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Which opioids are best for less painful procedures and less severe soft tissue injury?
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Butorphanol is a poor ______, but a good ____ & _____
- poor Analgesic
- good Sedative and Anti-Tussive
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Potency-
affinity for receptors
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Of the Opioids, which is the most potent? The least potent?
- Most= Etorphin
- Least= Meperidine
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Which opioid causes dysphoria in cats?
Butorphanol
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What happens when Opioids are overdosed?
Greatly prolonged duration of action (switches from 1st order to 2nd order)
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opioids are metabolized by...
the liver
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Advantages of opioids (5):
- Positive Ventilatory Fx if decreased d/t pain
- Effects can be antagonized
- Dose Dependent/Receptors through out body
- Anaesthetic sparing effect
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