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Strongwill19
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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Urine leaves the urinary bladder through the
urethra
(See Urethra and Fig. 26.21)
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Which of the following structures are found in the renal cortex?
distal convoluted tubules
(See Fig. 26.5 and The Nephron: Parts of the Nephron)
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Fenestrations are associated with the
glomerulus
(See The Filtration Membrane)
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Urine contains
waste products of metabolism
(See Overview of Kidney Functions)
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The renal pelvis
drains into the ureter
(See Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys)
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The kidneys help control blood pressure by the secretion of
renin
(See Hormonal Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion: Renin-Angiotensisn-Aldosterone system)
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Sodium is moved out of the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule and into the interstitial fluid by the process of
active transport
(See Reabsorption and Secretion in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule: Fig. 26.13)
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The outer layer of the three layers of tissue that surround the kidney is the
renal fascia
(See External Anatomy of the Kidneys)
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In renal interstitial fluid
occurs in the glomerulus
(See Glomerular Filtration)
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The loop of Henle is associated with
reabsorption
(See Reabsorption in the Loop of Henle)
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A function of the kidney is to
regulate blood ionic composition
(See Overview of Kidney Functions)
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Which of the following molecules cannot pass the filtration membranes in the kidneys?
large proteins
(See The Filtration Membrane)
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The innermost layer of the three layers of tissue that protect the kidney is the
renal capsule
(See External Anatomy of the Kidneys)
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The renal papillae contain papillary ducts which empty into the
minor calyces
(See Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys)
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Reabsorption is the movement of molecules from the _____ into the _____ .
renal tubules, peritubular capillaries
(See Fig. 26.11)
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Very little water reabsorption occurs in the
thick ascending loop of Henle
(See Reabsorption in the Loop of Henle)
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Sodium ions move through the apical membranes of principal cells of the collecting duct by
diffusion
(See Reabsorption and Secretion in the Late Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct)
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Glomerular filtrate is produced as a result of
blood hydrostatic pressure
(See Net Filtration Pressure)
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The external opening of the urinary system is the
external urethral orifice
(See Urethra and Fig. 26.22)
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The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin, which functions to
control the rate of red blood cell production
(See Overview of Kidney Functions)
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Which of the following accurately represents the pathway of fluid through a juxtamedullary nephron?
proximal convoluted tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
(See Fig. 26.5)
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Urine reaches the urinary bladder through the
ureter
(See Ureters)
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The nephron has two parts. They are the
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
(See The Nephron: Parts of a Nephron)
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The visceral layer of Bowman's capsule is covered with specialized cells called
podocytes
(See The Nephron: Histology of the Nephron and Collecting Duct)
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Increased sodium and chloride ion concentrations in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla is the result of
countercurrent mechanism
(See Formation of Concentrated urine: Countercurrent Multiplication)
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Externally, the kidney is protected and supported by connective tissue and
adipose tissue
(See External Anatomy of the Kidneys)
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Renal blood pressure remains fairly constant due to the function of the
juxtaglomerular apparatus
(See The Nephron: Histology of the Nephron and Collecting Tubule)
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Chloride ions are actively reabsorbed from the
thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
(See Reabsorption in the Loop of Henle)
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A patient has symptoms that include painful, frequent urination, and low back pain. Further examination reveals inflammation of the mucosa and submucosa of the urinary bladder. The patient has
cystitis
(See Urinary Tract Infections: Cystitis)
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Potassium ions are actively secreted into the tubular fluid of the
distal convoluted tubule
(See Reabsorption and Secretion in the Late Distal Convoluted Tubule and Collecting Duct)
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A patient is brought to the emergency room. Blood evaluation reveals high levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid, and potassium. Family members report failure to urinate, even though the patient
consumed a fairly large quantity of water during the day. The patient is experiencing
renal failure
(See Renal Failure)
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Most reabsorption occurs in the
proximal convoluted tubule
(See Reabsorption and Secretion in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule)
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The process by which water is reabsorbed by following solutes when they are reabsorbed is called
obligatory water reabsorption
(See Principles of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion: Transport Mechanisms)
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Which layer of the endothelial-capsular membrane prevents red blood cells from leaving the blood, but allows all components of the blood plasma to pass through?
fenestrated endothelial cells
(See The Filtration Membrane)
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In cortical nephrons, the
renal corpuscle lies in the outer portion of the renal cortex
(See Fig. 26.3)
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The proximal convoluted tubule is made up of
cuboidal cells with many microvilli
(See The Nephron: Histology of the Nephron and Collecting Tubule)
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Normally, net filtration pressure in the kidney is about
10 mm Hg
(See Net Filtration Pressure)
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In the process of renal autoregulation, when the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes less vasoconstrictor substance,
the afferent arterioles dilate, increasing glomerular filtration rate
(See Glomerular Filtration Rate)
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Which of the following chemicals is an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
renin
(See Hormonal Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System0
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Glucose enters the proximal convoluted tubule cells by _____ and
leaves the cell into the interstitial fluid by _____.
sodium ion-glucose symporters, facilitated diffusion
(See Reabsorption and Secretion in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule)
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The main region of the kidney tubule that is impermeable to water
is the
thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
(See Reabsorption in the Loop of Henle)
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The main regulator of facultative water reabsorption is
antidiuretic hormone
(See Hormonal Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion: Antidiuretic Hormone
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In the embryo, the first kidney to form is the
pronephros
(See Development of the Urinary System)
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Which of the following occurs by the action of Na+ symporters in the apical membranes of tubule cells?
both reabsorption of glucose by proximal convoluted tubule cells and reabsorption of amino acids by proximal convoluted tubule cells
(See Reabsorption and Secretion in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule)
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Ions, but not water, are reabsorbed from the tubular fluid in the ascending loop of Henle. Therefore, the osmolarity of the fluid entering the distal convoluted tubule is
less than blood
(See Formation of Dilute Urine)
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The most important solutes that contribute to the high osmolarity of the interstitial fluid in the renal medulla are
sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea
(See Formation of Concentrated Urine: Countercurrent Multiplication)
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During the micturition reflex ___________.
parasympathetic fibers conduct impulses from the spinal cord that cause contraction of the detrusor muscle.
See Urinary Bladder: The Micturition Reflex
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The only place in the kidney where filtration occurs is in the
renal corpuscle
(See Glomerular Filtration)
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Creatinine is produced by the breakdown of creatine phosphate in the skeletal muscles. It is useful for determining glomerular filtration rate (GFR) because it is
filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted
(See Blood Tests)
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The urinary bladder in the female lies inferior to the
uterus
(See Urinary Bladder)
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The color of urine is due to the presence of a chemical called
urochrome
(See Table 26.5)
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The normal kidneys are only about _____ as effective at the age of 70 as they are at the age of 40.
50 percent
(See Aging and the Urinary System)
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What is the function of A?
protect the kidney from trauma and hold it firmly in place within the abdominal cavity
(see External Anatomy of the Kidneys)
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Which vessel carries blood to the glomerulus?
B
(See Blood and Nerve Supply of the Kidneys)
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What type of nephron is indicated by A?
cortical nephron
(See The Nephron: Parts of a Nephron)
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Which nephron type enables the kidney to excrete very dilute or very concentrated urine?
B
(See The Nephron: Parts of a Nephron)
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Which cells constitute the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
A and B
(See The Nephron: Histology and The Nephron and Collecting Duct)
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