Anatomy & Physiology II

Urine leaves the urinary bladder through the

Which of the following structures are found in the renal cortex?

Fenestrations are associated with the

Urine contains

The renal pelvis

The kidneys help control blood pressure by the secretion of

Sodium is moved out of the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule and into the interstitial fluid by the process of

The outer layer of the three layers of tissue that surround the kidney is the

In renal interstitial fluid

The loop of Henle is associated with

A function of the kidney is to

Which of the following molecules cannot pass the filtration membranes in the kidneys?

The innermost layer of the three layers of tissue that protect the kidney is the

The renal papillae contain papillary ducts which empty into the

Reabsorption is the movement of molecules from the _____ into the _____ .

Very little water reabsorption occurs in the

Sodium ions move through the apical membranes of principal cells of the collecting duct by

Glomerular filtrate is produced as a result of

The external opening of the urinary system is the

The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin, which functions to

Which of the following accurately represents the pathway of fluid through a juxtamedullary nephron?

Urine reaches the urinary bladder through the

The nephron has two parts. They are the

The visceral layer of Bowman's capsule is covered with specialized cells called

Increased sodium and chloride ion concentrations in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla is the result of

Externally, the kidney is protected and supported by connective tissue and

Renal blood pressure remains fairly constant due to the function of the

Chloride ions are actively reabsorbed from the

A patient has symptoms that include painful, frequent urination, and low back pain. Further examination reveals inflammation of the mucosa and submucosa of the urinary bladder. The patient has

Potassium ions are actively secreted into the tubular fluid of the

A patient is brought to the emergency room. Blood evaluation reveals high levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid, and potassium. Family members report failure to urinate, even though the patient
consumed a fairly large quantity of water during the day. The patient is experiencing

Most reabsorption occurs in the

The process by which water is reabsorbed by following solutes when they are reabsorbed is called

Which layer of the endothelial-capsular membrane prevents red blood cells from leaving the blood, but allows all components of the blood plasma to pass through?

In cortical nephrons, the

The proximal convoluted tubule is made up of

Normally, net filtration pressure in the kidney is about

In the process of renal autoregulation, when the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes less vasoconstrictor substance,

Which of the following chemicals is an enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Glucose enters the proximal convoluted tubule cells by _____ and
leaves the cell into the interstitial fluid by _____.

The main region of the kidney tubule that is impermeable to water
is the

The main regulator of facultative water reabsorption is

In the embryo, the first kidney to form is the

Which of the following occurs by the action of Na+ symporters in the apical membranes of tubule cells?

Ions, but not water, are reabsorbed from the tubular fluid in the ascending loop of Henle. Therefore, the osmolarity of the fluid entering the distal convoluted tubule is

The most important solutes that contribute to the high osmolarity of the interstitial fluid in the renal medulla are

During the micturition reflex ___________.

The only place in the kidney where filtration occurs is in the

Creatinine is produced by the breakdown of creatine phosphate in the skeletal muscles. It is useful for determining glomerular filtration rate (GFR) because it is

The urinary bladder in the female lies inferior to the

The color of urine is due to the presence of a chemical called

The normal kidneys are only about _____ as effective at the age of 70 as they are at the age of 40.

What is the function of A?

Which vessel carries blood to the glomerulus?

What type of nephron is indicated by A?

Which nephron type enables the kidney to excrete very dilute or very concentrated urine?

Which cells constitute the juxtaglomerular apparatus?