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Learning
Any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience.
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Conditioning
Involves learning associations between events that occur in an organism's environment.
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Phobias
Irrational fears of specific objects or situations
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Classical Conditioning
- A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
- - sometimes called Pavlovian Conditioning
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
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Unconditioned Response (UCR)
An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
a previous neutral stimulus that has through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.
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Conditioned Response (CR)
Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
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Trial
A trial in classical conditioning consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli.
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Extinction
The Gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.
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Spontaneous Recovery
Is the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
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Stimulus Generalization
Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
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Stimulus Discrimination
Occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
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Higher-Order Conditioning
in which a conditioned stimulus fuctions as if it were on unconditioned stimulus.
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Operant Conditioning
A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
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Reinforcement
Occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response.
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A skinner box
- "Operant Chamber"
- - a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.
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Reinforcement Contingencies
Are the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers.
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Cumulative Recorder
Creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in the skinner box as a function of time.
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Shaping
The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.
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Resistance
Resistance to extinction occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated.
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Discriminative Stimuli
Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (Reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response.
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Primary Reinforcers
- Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.
- - Human primary Reinforcers: Ex: Food, Water, Warmth, Sex
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Secondary or Conditioned Reinforcers
Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
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Schedule of Reinforcement
A specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers overtime.
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Continuous Reinforcement
- Occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced.
- - used to shape and establish a new response before moving on to more realistic schedules.
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Intermittent Reinforcement
Occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.
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Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule
- The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses.
- Ex: a salesperson receives a bonus for every fourth set of golf clubs sold.
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Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule
- The reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses.
- Ex: slot machine in a casino pays off once every six times on the average. The # of non-winning responses between pay offs varies greatly from one time to the next.
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Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule
- The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.
- Ex: Students can earn grades by taking exams every 3 weeks.
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Variable-Interval Schedule
- The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. The interval length varies around a predetermined average.
- Ex: a person repeatedly dials a busy phone number (Getting through is the reinforcer)
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Positive Reinforcement
- Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
- Ex: Good Grades
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Negative Reinforcement
Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus.
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Escape Learning
An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation
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Avoidance Learning
- An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occuring.
- Ex: Warning light
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Punishment
Occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.
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Latent Learning
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs.
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Observational Learning
Occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others who are called models.
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