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Children ___-___ years should be placed in Pigg-O-Stat for Chext x-ray.
Newborn-3 years
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For chest x-ray on a newborn to 3 year old, the IR should include from ___ to ___.
Mastoid tips to just above iliac crests
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CR should be centered perpendicular to ___ for pediatric chest x-ray.
T6-T7
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Centering for recumbent lateral chest:
Mid-Coronal plane at mamillary line
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Centering for Pigg-O-Stat lateral chest:
Midthorax at mamillary line
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What are pediatric hip x-rays most often ordered to assess?
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, congenital hip dislocation or nonspecific hip pain
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What should be removed for pediatric abdomen and hip x-rays?
Diaper
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Two immobilization techniques for pediatric skull exam:
“Bunny” technique or head clamp (earmuffs)
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For pediatric skull exams, how much angle difference is there from adult patients?
5 degrees less
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Pediatric small bowel series require intervals of:
20-30 minutes
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On average, it takes how long for barium to reach iliocecal valve in pediatric patients?
1 hour
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What are used for neonates and infants during a single-contrast BE?
10 Fr silicone catheter and 60 ml syringe
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Catheter and syringe used for pediatric VCUG:
8 Fr catheter and 10 cc syringe
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During pediatric VCUG, the bladder is filled slowly by:
Gravity
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An Upper GI for a pediatric patient up to 3 months old requires what prep?
NPO 3 hours prior
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An Upper GI for a pediatric patient from 3 months to 5 years requires what prep?
NPO 4 hours prior
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An Upper GI for a pediatric patient 5 years and older requires what prep?
NPO 6 hours prior
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A lower GI exam for an infant up to 2 years of age requires what prep?
None
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Children 2 to 10 years require what prep for a lower GI exam?
Low-residue meal evening prior, laxative before bedtime, and possible fleet enema
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Children 10 years and older require what prep for lower GI exam?
Same as adults
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Patient prep for IVU exam:
No solid food 4 hours prior, encourage clear liquids
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Centering for AP abdomen, pediatric:
1” above umbilicus
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Centering for dorsal decubitus abdomen:
1” above umbilicus
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Bone age study for 1-2 year olds often includes:
AP left knee
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Common cause of respiratory distress in children 6 months-3 years:
Aspirated foreign bodies
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Three primary imaging system characteristics:
Focal Spot Size, Filtration, High Voltage Generation
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Four Prime exposure factors:
kVp, mA, exposure time, distance
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Four Image quality factors:
Optical Density, Contrast, Detail, Distortion
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Influencing factors of image contrast:
Grid ratio, collimation, OID, anatomy, contrast media, processing (time/temp)
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Influencing factors of image density:
kVp, distance, anatomy, processing, IR speed, collimation, grid ratio
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Controlling factor of image detail:
Focal spot size
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Influencing factors of image detail:
SID, OID, Motion
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Controlling factor of Image distortion:
Patient positioning
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Influencing factors of image distortion:
Alignment of tube, part, and IR
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Four principal types of technique charts:
Variable kVp, Fixed kVp, High kVp, and automatic exposure technique
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With a variable kVp technique chart, the ___ is fixed and the kVp varies with ____.
mAs; thickness
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Variable kVp technique charts require precise ____ and result in a ____ scale of contrast and ____ patient dose.
Part measurement; short; higher
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With a fixed kVp technique chart, the ____ varies with thickness. This produces a ____ scale of contrast and ____ patient dose. Precise part measurement is ____.
mAs; longer; lower; not important (s, m, l)
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High kVp technique charts are similar to____ and are used for ____:
Fixed kVp technique charts; contrast studies and chest
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What should be the first consideration in controlling motion for the pediatric patient?
Short exposure time
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There are ____ bones in the axial skeleton and ___ bones in the appendicular.
80; 126
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The process by which bones form in the body is known as
Ossification or osteogenesis
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In utero, ossification begins at about the:
Sixth embryonic week
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Two types of bone formation:
Intramembranous and endochondral
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Area between Diaphysis and Epiphysis:
Epiphyseal plate
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The Pigg-O-Stat can be used for which pediatric exams?
Chest, abdomen, thoracic and lumbar spines
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Two main areas of problems in radiographer confidence:
Communication skills and immobilization techniques
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Greatest danger to premature infant:
Hypothermia
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Classic indicators for suspected child abuse:
Posterior rib fractures, corner fractures and bucket-handle fractures
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Does Osteogenesis Imperfecta require higher or lower technique?
Lower (brittle bone disease)
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What positioning line is perpendicular to the IR for an AP projection of the pediatric skull?
OML
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What radiographic structures are evaluated to best determine tilt on a lateral pediatric skull?
Sella and clivus in profile
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What is the difference between medical asepsis and surgical asepsis?
Medical asepsis uses clean technique while surgical asepsis uses steril technique
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What is the difference between passive and active immunity?
Active immunity indicates antibodies are formed by ones own body while passive immunity indicates antibodies given by human intervention
-
The practice of separating infectious patients from others is called ____.
Isolation
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Two major nosocomial infections:
MRSA and VRE
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X-ray table and IR are examples of:
Fomites
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The STIR and FLAR sequences are used to diagnose what?
Cerebral edema and cancerous lesions
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In the absence of an external magnetic field, the direction of a hydrogen magnetic moment in our body will be:
Random
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On a T1 image, fat appears ____ and water appears _____.
Bright; dark
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On a T2 image, fat appears ____ and water appears _____.
Dark; bright
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T1 images are created with a ___ TR and a ____ TE.
Short; short
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T2 images are created with a ____ TR and a ____ TE.
Long; long
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Which type of magnet loses it’s magnetic field if electric supply is interrupted?
electromagnet
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The time from initial RF excitation to the echo is called:
TE, echo time
-
The time from initial RF excitation to the next 90 degrees is called:
TR, repetition time
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TE controls ___ weighting while TR controls ____ weighting.
T2; T1
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