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Outline the thermal properties of water
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Outline the cohesive properties of water
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Outline the solvent properties of water
Water is usually the dissolving agent of a solution because ionic and polar compounds can dissolve in water because it is also polar.
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Explain the relationship between the properties of water and its uses in living organisms as a coolant, medium of metabolic reactions and transport medium.
Water acts as a coolant in organisms when they sweat. Because water has a high amount of vaporization when organisms sweat, it takes heat with it when it evaporates. This makes the organism cooler.
- Water can act as a transport medium because it is cohesive. Because the water can bind to itself, and all the molecules are bonded to one another, it alows for the transport of water against gravity
- ex) transpiration or water being drawn up the xylem, water up a straw
Water is a universal solvent because it can dissolve polar and ionic bonds. In order for reactions to occur, the molecules have to be dissolved. The dissolved molecules can react in the cell because the cell is mainly made up of water, which acts as a medium of metabolic reactions.
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Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; between fatty acids, glycerol, and triglycerides; and between amino acids, dipeptides, and polypeptides
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Explain the four levels of protein structure, indicating each level's significance
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Outline the difference between fibrous and globular proteins, with reference to two examples of each protein type.
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Explain the effects of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration of enzyme activity
Temperature - Enzyme reaction rate increases with increasing temperature. Optimal temperature allows for the greatest number of molecular collisions without denaturing the enzyme. Beyond optimal temperature, reaction rate slows due to denaturation.
- pH
- For an enzyme to be effective, it must have a certain shape so the substrate can fit into it. The pH of the system that an enzyme is found in can influence the folding of the polypeptide chains of the proteins, and the shape. As the pH increases or decreases from its optimum, enzyme activity is reduced.
- Substrate Concentration
- In general, the greater the substrate concentration, the faster the reaction. This is because the chance that a substrate will encounter the correct active site increases. Reaction rate levels off after awhile, because the active sites saturate
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State three functions of lipids
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