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The ______ is the name given to the parts of the earth which contain living organisms.
biosphere
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The study of the biosphere is called ______
ecology
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The earth is a biosphere which can be divided up into ____ ________.
many ecosystems
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An ecosystem is made up of ______ and ______ and the place where they live.
animals and plants
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The place where an organism lives is known as its ______
habitat
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Examples of ecosystems are:
a forest, a pond, the sea
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In order to study an ecosystem it is often important to find out about the ______ and _____ of organisms found there.
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because it is usually very difficult to count all the organisms present, ________ _______ are used so that the number and types of organisms present can be estimated
sampling techniques
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Sampling techniques include:
quadrats, and pitfall traps
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A ______ is a square-shaped frame of known area which is usually divided into smaller squares
quadrat
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A ______ can be used to estimate the number of plants in an ecosystem
quadrat
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For reliable results from a quadrat: (4points)
- should be thrown several times,
- should be thrown at random,
- area should be known
- size of the area being investigated should be known
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A quadrat can also be used to measure the ________ of different plants in an area. This allows us to compare the amounts of different plants present.
abundance
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A ______ ____ is a method of sampling the animals present on the floor of a forest or wood.
pitfall trap
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For best results using a pitfall trap:
- set up several traps
- check traps regularly
- cover the top of the trap
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Once organisms have been collected they can be identified by using ________ ___
biological keys
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There are two types of key:
- a branched key
- a paired statement key
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There are many factors in an ecosystem that can affect the _________ of organisms
distribution
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Aboitic factors include:
- light intensity
- moisture
- temperature
- pH
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Light intensity and moisture content can be measured easily using a __________. This meter contains a light sensor and a moisture probe & two scales:
light intensity uses scale
moisture meter uses scale
- light/ moisture meter
- A-H
- 1-10
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Ways to minimise errors when using the moisture probe:
1)moisture probe may still contain moisture from previous reading.
2)moisture probe may hit a stone.
- dry the probe thoroughly before each reading.
- remove the probe and enter close to the previous point.
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Ways to minimise errors when using the light sensor:
1)shadows between the light source and light meter
2)light intensity is different at different times of the day
- ensure there is no shadows covering the light meter
- take light readings at the same time of day
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