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What are the Seminiferous tuubules?
Area of sperm formatin within Sertoli cells
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What is the epididymis?
Area of sperm maturation (develop motility)
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What are the vas deferens?
Main storage site for mature sperm
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What are the seminal vesicles?
Add nutrients, mucus, and prostaglandins to ejaculated sperm
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What does the prostate gland do?
Provides alkalinity to semen required for sperm motility?
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What do the bulbourethral glands do?
add mucus, fructose to semen near the origin of the urethra
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What are the urethral glands?
- Located along the entirety of the urethra
- Add mucus to the semen, lubricates the urethra
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Where do the spermatogonia reside?
In seminiferous tubules until puberty
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What is testosterone?
- Secreted by Leydig cells of the testes
- Necessary for growth and division of developing sperm
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What is Luteinizing hormone?
Stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells
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What does Follice-stimulating hormone do?
Stimulates Steroli cells to convert spermatids to mature sperm
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What are estrogens?
- Formed from conversion to testosterone in Steroli cells
- Important for development to spermatids to sperm
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What does Growth hormone do?
Influences many cellular metabolic activites associated with the entire of sperm development
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What is the major androgen hormone in males?
Testosterone
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What is testosterone converted to at target tissues?
dihydroxytestosterone (DHT)
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What are the three main functions of testosterone?
- Development of male genitalia in the fetus (about week 7)
- Testicular descent in the fetus (third trimester)
- Development of primary and secondary sex characteristics in the male
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What effects the affects of baldness?
- Baldness is increased by testosterone
- Also affected by genetic predisposition
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Why does your voice change?
Hypertrophy of larynx and laryngeal mucosa
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What are 5 effects testosterone has on the cellular level?
- Thickness of skin (epidermis and dermis)
- Secretion of sebacous glands (acne)
- Protein formation and muscle development
- Bone density
- Basal metabolism
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What are the ovaries?
Site of development and maturation of ova
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What are the fallopian tubes?
Site of transport of mature ovum from the ovary to the uterus
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What is the uterus?
- Specialized organ designed for the implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of the placenta, and growth of a fetus
- Muscular walls provides impulse for partuition under the control of oxytocin
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What are the primordial follicles (immature ovum)
- Formed during fetal development
- Arrested in this stage until puberty
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What controls the cyclic process of ovulation?
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
- LH
- FSH
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What is a corpus luteum?
Follicle without ovum
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What does the corpus luteum do?
Produces estrogen and progesterone
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What are the actions of LH?
- Stimulates production of estrogen by granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle
- Stimulates ovulation and production of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum
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What are the action of FSH?
Stimulates growth and development of the follicle proior to ovulation
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What are the actions of progesterone?
- Prepares endometrium (inner lining of fetus) for fetal implantation
- Stimulates secretions from mucosal lining of fallopian tubes necessary for nutrition of the fertilized ovum
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What are the actions of estrogen?
In general, estrogen (estradiol) stimulates cellular proliferation and tissue growth for the female
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What female sex characteristics does estrogen stimulate the development of?
- Uterus
- vagina and external genitalia
- Glands of the fallopian tube
- Breast development
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What does estrogen cause on a cellular level?
- Bone growth/bone density
- Basal metabolism
- Fat deposition
- skin thickness and skin vascularity
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What is included in the follicular phase?
- Increased LH/FSH stimulate growth of 6-12 follicles
- As follicles grow, only one will become the follicle that develops the mature ovum
- ovum is released mid-cycle in response to spike in LH secretion
- Remaining granulosa cells become corpus luteum
- Corpus luteum produces progesterone and estrogen to develop uterine endometrium
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Describe the Luteal Phase
- LH stimulates conversion of follicular cells into corpus luteum
- Progesterone and estrogen stimulate endometrial development
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Development of endometrium provides:
- Site for embryo implantation
- Nutrient supply to implanted embryo
- Portion of the "soon to develop" placenta
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What are the three stages associated with the production of estrogen and progesterone?
- Proliferation of endometrium
- Secretory changes of endometrial tissue
- Desquamation o endometrium
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Endometrial cycle has three phases:
- Proliferative phase (estrogen phase)
- Secretory phase (progesterone phase)
- Menstruation
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What happens in the proliferative phase?
- Estrogen secreted by the ovaries early in the ovarian cycle stimulate cellular epithelium (of endometrium)
- Cell proliferation and glandular development continue in the pre-ovulatory period
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What happens in the secretory phase?
- Progesterone from corpus luteum stimulates increased synthesis of lipid and glycogen
- Secretory substances (uterine milk) are increased
- Vascularity of endometrium is increased
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Without fertilization and implantatoin, the corpus luteum involutes:
- Signals the cessation of progesterone and estrogen production
- Decrease in these hormones reduces stimulatory effect on endometrial cells and glands
- Results in necrosis of most of the endometrium
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