PSY 100 Exam #4.txt

algorithm

availability heuristic

cognition

concepts

confirmation bias

convergent thinking

creativity

divergent thinking

functional fixedness

heuristic

mental image

mental set

prototypes

representativeness heuristic

Carrie is talking with her neighbor while simultaneously sweeping the porch and supervising her young daughter's play in the yard. Which area of the brain is MOST involved in such multi-tasking?

Albert Einstein once said that his first insight into relativity theory occurred when he pictured a beam of light and imagined himself chasing after it at its own speed. He was describing a:

Jamie has learned in her biology class that a mammal is any warm-blooded vertebrate characterized by both a covering of hair on the skin and mammary glands (in females) for nourishing the offspring. This definition is an example of:

Maguire is in the third grade and has realized that he can solve the problem of 2 x 3 by adding 2 + 2 + 2. This is an example of:

Christina continues to look for a romantic interest at singles bars even though this strategy has led to disappointment in the past. This is an example of:

Marcus has decided to build a tool shed. He has asked his neighbor for advice on specific aspects of the job. He has bought blueprints and other materials necessary for this project. After a week of preparation, he is ready to build. This is an example of which type of problem solving?

Robert needs to write a term paper for his humanities class. He chooses a topic and uses the library and Internet to locate information related to his topic. He then organizes the information, writes an outline, reviews the paper, rewrites it, reviews it again, and finally submits it. By breaking down the problem into a series of steps, he is using which type of problem solving?

Michael is running for a local political position and readily accepts opinion polls that support his political views and ignore those that conflict with his viewpoints. Michael's tendency is called ____________________.

In developing the light bulb, Thomas Edison tried literally hundreds of materials to find one that would heat to the point of glowing white heat without burning up. This is an example of which aspect of creative thinking?

Monica is studying for her spelling test. She knows that for each word there is only one correct spelling. This is an example of:

According to Sternberg and Lubart, creative people are willing to champion ideas that they feel have potential but that most people think are worth little. They have the ability to build unpopular ideas into supported and high valued ideas and then often move onto other unpopular but promising projects. This theory is called the:

According to investment theory, which of the following is a resource for creativity?

Which of the following statements is FALSE ? [A. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that our vocabulary determines how we perceive and categorize the world around us.

Maria is a newborn infant. Her mother has learned through trial and error that Maria has several distinct patterns of crying that reflect whether she is hungry, angry, or in pain. What term MOST accurately describes Maria's stage of language development?

When we see flying animals, we quickly identify them as birds because we compare these animals to a �model bird,� such as a sparrow. This model is an example of:

Lisa is seeking advice from friends about how to choose a major. Her friends suggest taking a variety of classes covering different subjects and doing volunteer work in the summer to see what academic and occupational areas she likes and dislikes. This method of problem solving uses:

Lynn wanted a birdbath for her front yard but did not want the expense of buying a new one. She looked around the garage, found some old, chipped flowerpots, and came up with an idea. She turned the pots upside down and stacked them to form a column. She then placed a wide, shallow planter on top to hold the water. Lynn has overcome:

Carmella would like to lose weight. She begins by asking her doctor for advice on how to begin. She then reads articles that summarize data from weight loss studies. She compares the habits of successful dieters to her own daily habits and makes adjustments in her lifestyle to help her reach her goal. This is an example of which type of problem solving?

Leanne is interested in politics and world affairs. She has a tendency to seek out and pay attention only to information that supports her own beliefs while ignoring or discounting evidence that challenges her beliefs. What type of barrier to problem solving is exemplified?

While developing the light bulb, Thomas Edison could not find a long-lasting material, so he thought of heating the material in a vacuum. This shift in problem solving strategy was key to the development of a working light bulb. Which aspect of creativity does this example best represent?

Ryan's neighbor asks him if he wants the bricks left over from building her garage. Ryan stacks the bricks onto his property but is unsure exactly what he will do with them. By the next day, he has generated a list of possible uses. This is an example of:

Which of the following tests focus on measuring divergent thinking?

Which of the following items would MOST likely appear on a test measuring creativity?

A ____________ is a mental representation of a group or category that shares similar characteristics.

A _____________ is a representation of the �best,� or most typical, example of a category.

________________ refers to the tendency to seek out and pay attention only to information that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence.

babbling

cooing

Grammar

language

language acquisition device (LAD)

morphemes

Overextension

overgeneralize

Phonemes

semantics

Syntax

telegraphic speech

The English language can be broken down into about 40 basic units of speech or sound that are called ________________.

English speakers place adjectives before the noun, as in �my precious love.� However, depending on the intended meaning, Italian speakers sometimes place the adjective before the noun and sometimes after. This is an example in the differences in __________ between English and Italian speakers.

Kristi is a two-month-old baby who makes vowel-like sounds, such as �ooooh� and �aaaah.� Which term most accurately describes this behavior?

Sage is fourteen months old. At the petting zoo, he points to a rabbit and yells, �Kitty!� This is an example of which of following?

Which of the following is involved in the processing and production of language?

Phonemes are combined to form the smallest meaningful units of language that are called ____________.

A system of using words to create meaning is referred to as ______________.

Keifer is being potty-trained. When he needs to use the bathroom, he says �Me go potty!� Which term most accurately describes this type of speech

Lakena is a five-month-old baby who has begun to add consonants to her vowels and produces sounds such as �bahbahbah.� Which term most accurately describes this behavior?

Which of the following suggests that humans most easily learn language between birth and puberty, which is a time when the brain is becoming increasingly specialized, and that if learning does not occur during this special time, it may be impossible to later �catch up?�

Which theorist identified eight distinct, independent forms of intelligence and suggested that the value of these intelligences may change according to culture?

A ___________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language formed from a combination of phonemes.

__________ refers to rules that specify how phonemes, morphemes, words, and phrases should be combined to express thoughts.

The choosing of words according to the meaning we want to convey is known as _________________.

______________ speech refers to the two- or three- word sentences of young children that contain only the most necessary words.

Concrete operational stage

Egocentrism

Sensorimotor stage

Conservation

Preoperational stage

Assimilation

Accomodation

Object permanence

Formal operational stage

Schemas

Karen is a little girl who plays the flute. Her band instructor would like her to also play the piccolo. Karen learns that the fingerings that she must use to produce the notes on the piccolo are the same as for the flute, but she must change her hand position and learn to blow into the piccolo in a different way. This is an example of:

Amy is seven months old and has mastered the art of crawling. She eagerly explores her environment every day by looking at objects, touching them, and placing them into her mouth. Amy is in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Six-month-old Patti is playing a game with her father. He takes her rattle and hides it under cup so that it cannot be directly seen. Patti reaches for the cup and removes it to retrieve her rattle. This example demonstrates that Patti has achieved:

Three-year-old Jennifer wants two candy bars, but her mother tells her that she can only have one. When Jennifer becomes upset, her mother breaks the candy bar in half, and Jennifer becomes happy thinking that she now has twice as much candy. Jennifer is in which stage of cognitive development?

Dillon is three years old and repeatedly interrupts his mother when she is talking on the phone. He often stands in front of the television blocking the view of others. These behaviors are examples of:

When Samir and his mother arrive at the store, Samir comments to his mother that the car needs to rest while they are shopping because it �ran a long way.� This is an example of:

Seven-year-old Rajeev is shown two identical glasses, each containing the same amount of liquid. The liquid is poured from one of these glasses into a taller, thinner one. When asked which one has more, Rajeev correctly states that each glass has an identical amount. Rajeev has shown that he understands:

Eight-year-old Kirsten is shown two identical balls of clay. She watches as one ball is flattened and is asked which one has more. She correctly states that both have the same amount clay although they are obviously different in appearance. Kirsten is in which stage of cognitive development?

Five-year-old Shannon is shown two identical balls of clay. She acknowledges that both balls have the same amount of clay. She watches as one ball is flattened and is then asked which one has more. She incorrectly states that the long, flattened one now has more clay. Shannon is most likely in which stage of cognitive development?

Allison is thirteen years old and spends a lot of time thinking about the possibilities for her future. She is capable of thinking logically, constructing well-reasoned arguments, and solving simple logic problems. She is in which stage of cognitive development?

Franklin is sixteen and sometimes drives after drinking alcohol. He acknowledges that �people shouldn't drink and drive because they might get caught or wreck their car� but does not think that these consequences could possibly happen to him. This is an example of:

Puneet is self-conscious when he walks into his high school class because he is certain that everyone is scrutinizing and judging him. This is an example of:

Cognitive structures or patterns that consist of a number of organized ideas that grow and differentiate with experience are called:

_____________ is the process of absorbing new information into existing schemas.

Which of the following are criticisms of Piaget's theory that are supported by research?

________ ____________ is the Piagetian term for an infant's understanding that objects or people continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched directly.

___________ is the inability to consider another's point of view which Piaget considered a hallmark of the preoperational stage.

___________ is the understanding that certain physical characteristics remain unchanged even when their outward appearance changes.

attachment

developmental psychology

imprinting

When a new babysitter attempts to interact with one-year-old Kyle, he pulls away from her and toward his mother. When his mother leaves the room, Kyle shows distress and welcomes her when she returns. According to Ainsworth, Kyle is most likely to have formed which type of attachment?

Sammy is 11 months old, and his mother tends to be aloof and distant. Sammy rarely seeks contact with her and responds to her in the same way that he responds to strangers. When his mother leaves the room, he rarely cries. Sammy is most likely to have formed which type of attachment?

Ainsworth found that infants with an anxious/ambivalent attachment style tend to have which type of caregiver?

Tommy's father does not seem to be very interested in actively parenting his son. Tommy's father ignores repeated phone calls from a concerned teacher regarding Tommy's behavioral problems in the classroom. He tends to ignore his son and does not know much about his interests or friends. He rarely disciplines Tommy or sets limits for his behavior. Which of the following terms best describes his parenting style?

Katie's mother showers her daughter with praise and positive attention but does not set or enforce rules. Katie tends to be immature for her age, and other adults describe her as being rather spoiled and �out of control.� Which of the following terms best describes this parenting style?

Aisha's parents are sensitive and attentive and set reasonable limits. They encourage her to try new things. They play with her and encourage responsible, age-appropriate behavior. Which type of parenting style is this?

Harlow & Zimmerman's research demonstrated that:

Cindy is an infant who cries and screams loudly when her mother leaves the room, seeks contact with her when she comes back, and then squirms angrily to get away from her. Cindy is most likely to have formed which type of attachment?

Which of following statements regarding Hazan and Shaver's research is FALSE? [A. Adults who had an avoidant pattern in infancy tend to be uncomfortable with intimacy as adults. B. Anxious/ambivalent adults tend to be obsessed with their partners, fearing their intense love will not be reciprocated. C. Percentages for adult attachments styles show that 55% of adults have a secure attachment style. D. Early attachment style determines adult attachment style.]

Daniel's mother tends to be punitive. She does not explain the reasons for rules but demands unquestioning obedience. She often places unrealistic expectations on him and expects him to be more mature than is appropriate for his young age. She is easily upset and moody, and punishes him harshly. Daniel's mother most likely has which type of parenting style?

Achievement motivation

anorexia nervosa

arousal theory

bulimia nervosa

drive-reduction theory

Emotion

hierarchy of needs

homeostasis

incentive theory

instincts

Motivation

amygdala

Cannon�Bard theory

facial-feedback hypothesis

James�Lange theory

Schachter's two-factor theory

Jim's girlfriend hid behind the pantry door and jumped out at him as he came into the room. Jim jumped and shouted before he realized that it was not a real threat. Which of the following statements best explains this startled response?

Lynn smiles and laughs much more often than her husband Mike. What is the likely to be true about their relationships with other people?

Melba and Bill are studying psychology in Melba's apartment. Melba becomes very afraid when a mouse runs out from beneath her refrigerator. Bill laughs and says, �You are afraid because you are trembling.� He is using which theory to explain how her fear is produced?

Dr. Amalfi, a psychologist, is driving and must swerve to miss a deer that suddenly appears in the road. He believes that his fear, trembling, and facial expressions all occurred at the same time. He is explaining his reaction using which theory?

Linda is in a bad mood and really does not want to go to work at a clothing store. However, once she arrives at work, she spends time smiling and greeting customers and notices that her mood has improved. Which of the following would suggest that Linda's mood has improved because she has been smiling?

When Barbara cried at her son's wedding, she interpreted her emotion as joy, but when she cried at her uncle's funeral, she interpreted her emotion as grief. Which explanation of emotion best explains Barbara's different interpretations of the same physiological response?

Which of the following limbic structures is involved in recognizing and controlling emotions particularly when the �fight-or-flight� response is engaged?

Which of the following statements about smiling is TRUE? [A. A Duchenne smile is a �fake� smile. B. A smile of real pleasure causes eye muscles to contract. In a fake smile, the eye muscles do not contract. C. People cannot tell the difference between a genuine smile and a fake smile and therefore, respond the same to each. D. All of the above statements are TRUE.]

Which of the following statements is FALSE? [A. Darwin proposed that freely expressing an emotion intensifies it while suppressing outward expression of an emotion diminishes it. B. Recent research suggests that watching another person's facial expressions causes an automatic reciprocal change in our own facial muscles. C. The automatic mimicry of the facial expressions of others occurs only with the participant's conscious awareness. D. All of the above statements are FALSE.]

Which of the following states that movements of the facial muscles produce or intensify emotional reactions?

The ________ - ____________ theory suggests that arousal, cognitions, and expression of emotions occur simultaneously. In this view, all emotions are physiologically similar.

Schachter's _______-_________ theory suggests that emotions result from physical arousal and a cognitive labeling or interpretation of that arousal that is based on external cues.

factor analysis

five-factor model (FFM)

personality

Trait

Melissa visits a Tarot card reader who tells her some very generalized, flattering things. Melissa ignores any of the information that does not fit with her self-concept and believes the information to be very accurate. This example contains which of the following logical fallacies?

Kayla is an artist who is known for her original work. She enjoys learning about other cultures and also enjoys foreign films and travel. According to this description, she would tend to score high on which dimension of the five-factor model?

Marcus is often asked to accept leadership positions in community organizations because he is highly responsible, self-disciplined, and organized. He is a successful businessman partly because he possesses these qualities. These qualities describe someone who would score high on which of the five basic personality traits of the five-factor model?

Allison tends to be withdrawn, quiet, passive, and reserved. She would tend to score low on which dimension of the five-factor model?

Michael's friends describe him as �down-to-earth� and conventional. He enjoys books, films, and television but does not have a wide range of interests and would not describe himself as artistic. He is likely to be a low-scorer on which dimension of the five-factor model?

Mary tends to be irritable, argumentative, and suspicious of others. She is offended easily and tends to be rather ruthless and vindictive when holding a grudge. She is likely to score very low on which dimension of the five-factor model?

Linda tends to be prone to moodiness and worry. She suffers from anxiety and much insecurity. She is likely to score high on which dimension of the five-factor model?

Which of the following theorists arranged personality traits into a hierarchy with the most important traits listed at the top?

Which of the following theorists reduced the wide array of possible personality traits to a list of 30 to 35 basic characteristics using factor analysis?

Which of the following theorists reduced the wide array of possible personality traits to a list of three basic types which include extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, and psychotism?

The correlational results of studies done by David Buss and his colleagues may reflect an evolutionary advantage to people who are more open, conscientious, extroverted, agreeable, and less neurotic. Which of the following also confirms the evolutionary perspective?

Modern personality research best supports which of the following statements?

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

_________________ refers to relatively stable and enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions.

A ____________ is a relatively stable and consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone.