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pituitary gland
approximately the size of a pea and located at the base of the brain. The pituitary is divided into two lobes and is often referred to as the master gland because it produced hormones that stimulate the function of the other endocrine glands
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anterior lobe
produces and secretes GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL and gonadotropic hormones
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GH (growth hormone)
regulates the growth of the body
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ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
stimulate sthe adrenal cortex
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TSH (thryoid-stimulating hormone)
stimulates the thyroid gland
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gonadotropic hormone
affects the male and female reproductive system (gonads)
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FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
regulates development, growth and function of the ovaries
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LH (lutenizing hormones)
regulates development, growth and function of the testes
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PRL (prolactin or lactogenic hormone)
promotes development of glandular tissue during pregnancy and produces milk after brith of an infant
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posterior lobe
stores and releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water
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oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions during labor and postpartum
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hypothalmus
located near the pituitary gland in the brain. Secretes "releasing" hormones that function to stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary gland hormones
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thyroid gland
largest endocrine gland. Located in the neck below the larynx and comprises bilateral lobes connected by an isthmus. The thyroid gland secretes the hormones triiodothyrnine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which require iodine for their production.
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Throxine
necessary for body cell metabolism
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parathyroid glands
four small bodies lying directly behind the thyroid. Produce parathormone (PTH)
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parathormone (PTH)
helps maintain the level of calcium in the blood
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islets of Langerhans
clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas, made up of different cell types that secrete various hormones, including insulin and glucagon. Non-endocrine cells found throughout the pancreas produce enzymes that facilitate digestion
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adrenal glands (suprarenals)
paired glands, one of which is located above each kidney. Secrete cortisol, aldosterone, adrenaline (epinephrine) and noraderenaline (norepinephrine)
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adrenal cortex
outer portion of the adrenal gland
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adrenal medulla
inner portion of the adrenal gland
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cortisol
secreted by the adrenal cortex. Aids the body during stress by increasing glucose levels to provide energy (also called hydrocortisone)
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aldosterone
secreted by the adrenal cortex. Regulated electrolytes (mineral salts) that are necessary for normal body funtion .
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adrenaline (epinephrine)
secreted by the adrenal medulla. Helps body to deal with stress by increasing the blood pressure, heartbeat and respiration
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noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
secreted by the adrenal medulla. Helps body to deal with stress by increasing the blood pressure, heartbeat and respiration
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cortic/o
cortex (outer layer of a body organ)
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parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
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pituitar/o
pituitary gland
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acidosis
condition brought about by an abnormal accumulation of acid products of metabolism often seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
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Addison disease
chronic syndrome resulting from a deficiency in the hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex. Symptoms may include weakness, darkening of skin, loss of appetite, depression and other emotional problems
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Cushing syndrome
group of symptoms attributed to the excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortices. This syndrome may be the result of a pituitary tumor or a primary adrenal gland dysfuntion. Symptoms include abnormally pigmented skin, "moon face", pads of fat on the chest and abdomen, "buffalo hump" (fat on the upper back) and wasting away of muscle
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diabetes insipidus (DI)
results of decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Symptoms include excessive thirst (polydipsia) and large amounts of urine (polyuria) and sodium being excreted from the body
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diabetes mellitus (DM)
chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism cause by underactivity of the islets of Langerhans and characterized by elevated blood sugar (hyperhlycemia). DM can cause chronic renal disease, retinopathy and neuroopathy. In extreme cases the patient may develop ketosis, acidosis and finally coma
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gigantism
condition brought about by the overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland before puberty
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goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
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ketosis
condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in which the body has an abnormal concentration of ketone bodies resulting from excessive fat metabolism
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myxedema
condition resulting from a deficiency of the thyroid hormone thryoxine; a severe from of hypthroidism in an adult. Symptoms include puffiness of the face and hands, coarse and thickened skin, enlarged tongue, slow speech and anemia
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tetany
condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood cause by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone
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thyrotoxicosis
a condition caused by excessive thyroid hormones
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exophthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball
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hormone
a chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is carried in the blood to a target tissue
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isthmus
narrow strip of tissue connectiong two large parts in the body, such as the isthmus that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland
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acromegaly
enlargement of the exremities
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adentitis
inflammation of a gland
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adenomegaly
enlargement of a gland
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adenosis
abnormal condition of a gland
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adrenalitis
inflammation of the adrenal gland
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adrenomegaly
enlargement of one or both of the adrenal glands
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hypercalcemia
excessive calcium in the blood
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hyperglycemia
excessive sugar in the blood
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hyperkalemia
excessive potassium in the blood
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hyperpituitarism
state of excessive pituitary gland activity
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hyperthyroidism
state of excessive thyroid gland activity
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hypocalcemia
deficient calcium in the blood
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hypoglycemia
deficient sugar in the blood
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hypkalemia
deficient potassium in the blood
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hyponatremia
deficient sodium in the blood
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hypopituitarism
state of deficient pituitary gland activity, characterized by decreased secretion of one or more of the pituitary hormones, which can affect the function of the target endocrine gland)
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hypothyroidism
state of deficient thyroid gland activity
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panhypopituitarism
state of total deficient pituitary gland activity, characterized by decreased secretion of all pituitary hormones, which affects the function of all of the other endocrine glands)
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parathyroidoma
tumor of a parathyroid gland
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thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid gland
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adenectomy
excision of a gland
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adrenalectomy
excision of one or both adrenal glands
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parathyroidectomy
excision of one or more parathyroid glands
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thyroidectomy
excision of the thyroid gland
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thyroidotomy
incision of the thyroid gland
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thyroparathyroidectomy
excision of the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands
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adrenocorticohyperplasia
excessive development of the adrenal cortex
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adrenopathy
disease of the adrenal gland
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cortical
pertaining to the cortex
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corticoid
resembling the cortex
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endocrinologist
a physician who studies and treats diseases of the endocrine system
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endocrinology
the study of the endocrine system
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endocrinopathy
any disease of the endocrine system
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euglycemia
normal level of sugar in the blood
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euthyroid
normal thyroid function
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polydipsia
abnormal state of much thirst
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syndrome
a set of symptoms that occur together
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