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a learned set of ideals, values, and assumptions, about life that are widely shared among a group of people
culture
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physical markers such as skin color, eye color, hair color, and texture
race
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social markers such as dress, customs, dietary and lifestyle practices
ethnicity
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ascribing certain beliefs and behaviors about a group to an individual without giving adequate attention to individual differences
sterotyping
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emotional manifestation of deeply held beliefs about other groups; involves negatice attitudes
prejudice
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a form of prejudice that refers to beliefs that persons who are born into particular groups are inferior in intelligence, morals, beauty and self-worth
racism
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an action motivated by a prejudice
discrimination
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belief that one's own group or culture is superior to others
ethnocentrism
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the process of imposing one's cultural values on others
cultural imposition
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developing specific cultural knowledge and interpersonal skills, in addition to being culturally sensitive
cultural competence
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What does a nurse need to be culturally competent?
- helps nurses provide care to a diverse group of people
- is aware and knowledgable about specific values, beliefs, and practices of cultural groups
- possesses interpersonal skills (i.e. touch, space, eye contact) that promote cultural care
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supporting a client's cultural values and traditions
cultural preservation
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incorporating safe cultural health beliefs and practices into the client's place of care
cultural accommodation
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assisting the client in changing harmful cultural health practices (within the context of the client's values and beliefs)
cultural repatterning
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bridging the gap between the health care culture and the client's culture
cultural brokering
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What are the 4 dimensions of cultural competence that murses may use in delivering culturally competent care?
- cultural preservation
- cultual accommodation
- cultural repatterning
- cultural brokering
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What is the percentage of Americans that marry? Average age of first marriage? Divorce rate? Remarriage rate?
- % marry: 90%
- age of 1st marriage: women (rose from 24.5 to 26.9)
- divorce rate: 60%
- 75% of divorced people remarry
- 75% of women who divorce in their 40s never remarry
- rate of divorce is higher if the coupld marries before the age of 24
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traditional/nuclear family
a husband, wife and their children
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contemporary family units
- single parent
- intergenerational
- extended without paent present headed by a grandparent
- same-sex
- co-habitating or domestic partnership
- institution (foster care, group homes, residential or treatment centers)
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Why is it important for nurses to understand concepts related to families?
- famiy influences an individuals concept of health/illness, sense of self-esteem, and personal competence
- association b/t the health of the family and the individual
- disease/illness in one member affects the whole family unit
- health care decisions are made within the family
- families are the key members of the healthcare team
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What are the 3 theories used as the basis for the Friedman Family Assessment Model?
- Structural-Functional Theory
- Systems Theory
- Duvall's Developmental Stage Theory
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this theory examins the family unit as an organized structure and how the family unit meets the needs of individual members and society as a whole
Structural-Functional Theory
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General assumptions of the Structural-Functional Theory
- a family is a social system with functional requirements
- a family is a small group possessing certain generic features common to all small groups
- the family as a social system accomplishes functions that serve both the individual and society
- individuals act in accordance with a set of internalized norms and values that are learned primarily in the family through socialization
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Role Structure
- how the family is organized in terms of the roles of individual members
- roles may be formal or informal
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Value Systems
reers to what is important to the family unit
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Communication Processes
the processes used by members of the family to exchange feelings, desires, needs, information, and opinions
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Power Structure
the family hierarchy that determines who has the actual or potential ability to change, influence or control the behavior of individual family members
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Affective Function
referred to as meeting the psychological needs of family members
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Socialization
refers to the way in which families prepare children to become productive members of society as adults
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Reproductive Function
necessary for the maintenance of family continuity over generations as well as for societal survival
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Economic Function
the provision of sufficient economic resources and their effectuve allocation
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Health Care Function
the provision of physical necessities (food, shelter, clothing, health care, etc.)
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emphasizes how the family unit relates to, and interrelates with, the community and society as a whole
Systems Theory
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General Concepts of Systems Theory
- families are holistic and non-summative (the whole family is greater than the sum of its parts)
- families are living social systems in constant interaciton with their environments
- families have boundaries which may be open or closed
- families are either open system, closed systems, or random systems
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Open systems
- interactive with the environment
- bi-directional energy exchange
- perceive change as normal
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Closed System
- limited interaction with the environment
- limited energy exchange
- threatened by and resistant to change
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Random System
- high degree of individuality among members
- boundaries are open
- very high energy exchange
- chaotic and prone to dissolution
- "anything goes" philosopy
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this theory maintains that family units progress through 8 specific stages over the course of time, and that specific developmental tasks must be accomplished in each stage
Duvall's Family Developmental Stage Theory
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What is a limitation to Duvall's Family Developmental Stage Theory? Guidepost for the theory?
- limitation: variations in current family forms, model assumes the family is headed by a heterosexual married couple
- Guidepost: the age and school placement of the oldest child
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Basic assumptions of Duvall's FAmily Developmental Stage Theory
- families develop and change over time in predictable ways
- as people mature and interact, they initiate actions and reactions to environmental demands
- families perform time-specific tasks that are set by themselves, culture and society
- there is a tendency for families to have a discernible beginning and end
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Stage 1
- Married (beginning) couple
- couple without children
- developmental task: est. a mutually satisfying relationship, relating harmoniously to in-laws, family planning
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Stage 2
- childbearing
- birth of the firstborn until the oldest child is 30 months old
- DT: est. a stable family, adapting to parental role and new parental responsibilities, est. effective communication patterns
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Stage 3
- preschool age
- oldest child is 30 months to 5-6 years old (when child starts school)
- DT: providing a safe environment, adapting to a role change, maintaining mutually satisfying marital relationship, integrating new family members and still meeting needs of older children, parent/child seperation
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Stage 4
- school age
- oldest child is 6-13 years old
- DT: socializing children, promoting school achievement, maintaining a satisfying marital relationship
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Stage 5
- teenage
- oldest child is 13-20 years old
- DT: maintaining open communicaiton, maintaining family ethical and moral standards, maintaining sat. marital relationship
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Stage 6
- launching center
- firstborn through youngest child leave home
- DT: children become independent while maintaining parental ties, accepting new members (marriage), parents must adjust to independence
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Stage 7
- middle years
- empty nest to retirement
- DT: maintaining a sense of well-being physiologically and psychologically by living a healthy life, sustaining sat. and meaningful relationships with aging prarents and children, strengthening marital relationship
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Stage 8
- aging family
- retirment to death of both spouses
- DT: maintaining sat. living arrangements, adjusting to reduced income, maintaining marital rel., adjusting to loss of spouse, maintaining intergenerational ties
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What are the 6 major assessment areas of Friedman's Family Assessment Model?
- 1. identifying data
- 2. developmental stage and history of family
- 3. environmental data
- 4. family structure (roles, values, communication patterns, power structures)
- 5. family functions (affective, socialization, and health care functions)
- 6. family stress and coping
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