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Labels on an energy diagram
- ΔH - change in energy (products - reactants)
- ΔE - energy of activation (reactants - transition state)
- Transition state
- flow of reaction
- Energy in KCal
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heterolytic vs homolytic
- heterolytic - uneaven break. Creates + and - ions.
- homolytic - even break. Creates free radicals.
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rate determining step?
Step with largest ΔE
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C+ name? C- name?
Carbonium, Carbanion
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Electrophile vs nucleophile
- Electrophile - posative, looking for something negative
- Nucleophile - negative or nonbonding e-, looking for something posative
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List various natural condensation polymers by type
- Polyesters (DNA & RNA)
- Polyamides (proteins)
- Polyethers (polysaccharides)
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List various man-made condensation polymers by type
- Polyesters (clothing)
- Polyamide (nylon)
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Markovnikov's rule (short version)
in an addition reaction H attaches to the C w/ more H
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block polymer vs sequence polymer
- block - sequence is not important
- sequence - sequence is important
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List various addition polymers
- polyethylene (rain coat, plastic bag)
- teflon (nonstick pans)
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Activators vs deactivators in terms of e-
- Activators - e- donators
- Deactivators - e- withdrawers
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Saytzeff's rule?
(dehydration of secondary alcohol) H removed from C with less H attached
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What is a competing reaction?
Same reactants in different conditions produce different products
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Everything about methanol
- common name: meythl alcohol
- consumer name: wood alcohol
- Toxic in body, can cause blindness
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General alcohol characteristics
- Popular as solvent (less toxic than acetone)
- highly soluble if less than 6 C
- can bring down fever by pulling H2O out
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Everything about ethanol
- Common name: ethyl alcohol
- consumer name: alcohol
- Denautured alcohol is undrinkable (addition of methanol or methanal)
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Everything about 2-propanol
- Common name: isopropyl alcohol
- Consumer name: rubbing alcohol
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Everything about 1,2-ethanediol
- Common name: etyhlene glycol
- Consumer name: antifreeze
- Polyalcohol
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Everything about 1,2,3-propanetriol
- Common name: glycerol
- Soaps, lotions, lowers freezing point on bacterial media
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Most stable alkene
= closest to center (most C on either side)
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Various isotope information
- 12C - normal
- 13C - heavy
- 14C - radioactive
- 1H - normal
- 2H - heavy (deuterium)
- 3H - radioactive
- 16O - normal
- 18O - radioactive
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Phenol behavior + examples
- Behave like benzene AND alcohol, VERY acidic
- antiseptics, poison ivy, herbs/spices, toxins
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What do + ions end in?
-ium
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Aldehyde examples
- scents of vanilla, cinnamon, roses
- bug candles
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Ketone examples
musque, sex hormones, progesterone, cortisone
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Everything about methanal
- Common name: formaldehyde
- Biological preservative
- building materials
- degrades easily
- toxic
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Everything about ethanal
- Common name: acetaldehyde
- body oxidizes alcohol to this
- sickly sweet smell
- rotting fruit
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everything about propanone
- Common name: acetone
- Toxic to fish
- Has effects on brain (huffing)
- Cleaner/solvent
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Everything about 2-butanone
- Common name: MEK
- Important solvent in construction
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What is a Qual scheme?
Testing to see what's there. Putting subtance through various tests (reduction, BP, Tollens).
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Everything about methanoic acid
- Common name: formic acid
- In bee stings/ant bites
- Monoprotic
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Everything about ethanoic acid
- Common name: acetic acid
- Monoprotic
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Everything about propanoic acid
Monoprotic
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Everything about butanoic acid
- common name: butyric acid
- Rancid butter
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What is a fatty acid?
Long chain carboxylic acid (12+ C) with EVEN NUMBER of C
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Carboxylic acid characteristics
- Water soluble to 5C
- Stronger hold on H (more e- donating groups on chain) = weaker acid
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What is a soap?
The sodium or potassium salt of a fatty acid
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Everything about ethanedioic acid
- common name: oxalic acid
- diacid
- found in veggies
- toxic in high amounts
- high concentration in clothing cleaners
- removes rust
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Everything about succinic acid
- 4 Cs
- diacid
- Amino acids
- Biological processes
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Everything about citric acid
- Triacid
- citrus fruit
- sour taste
- kreb's cycle
- buffering agent in shampoo
- alkaseltzer
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Ester characteristics?
many smells: pears, rum, bananas, oranges, pineapples, apricots
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Alternate name for hydrophobic / hydorphilic
lipophilic / lipophobic
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SOAP vs detergent
- SOAP - natural - salt of a fatty acid
- detergent - synthetic - salt of a sulfonic acid (other groups may be attached)
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How was soap made?
- ___gyleride + NaOH -> glycerol + soap
- Used to be made with lard and lye
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Everything about aromatic amines
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