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What is fever caused by?
Innate immune response to Pyrogens.
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A pyrogen is __?__.
A substance that causes fever.
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The two types of pyrogens are __?__ and __?__.
Endogenous and exogenous
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An endogenous pyrogen is __?__. Examples include __?__, __?__, and __?__.
- Formed inside the body in response to an outside stimulant.
- Interferons, TNF, IL-6
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An exongenous pyrogen is __?__. An example is __?__.
- A pyrogen that originates from outside the body.
- LPS
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The high temperature of a fever is caused by __?__.
Vasoconstriction.
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Skin is difficult to colonize because it's __?__, __?__,__?__, and __?__.
dry, salty, acidic, and has protective oils.
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The bacteria that do colonize the skin are mostly __?__.
G (+) anaerobes
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__?__ commonly inhabits the naso and oropharynx and can be dangerous if __?__ or __?__ and form __?__.
- G (+) anaerobes
- they get into the blood stream or;
- create plaques which cause gum disease
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__?__ is found in the stomach because it __?__ by __?__ where it can __?__.
- Helicobacter pylori
- survive in pH 1
- burrowing into the protective mucous where it can;
- cause ulcers
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Loss of acidity in the stomach, aka __?__, can be caused by __?__ which __?__.
- achlorhydria
- malnourishment
- allows pathogens to grow
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The majority of human microflora are found in the __?__ where they __?__ and __?__.
Intestine where they ferment digested food and provide nutrients and inhibit pathogens.
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The __?__ are sterile while __?__ contain __?__ bacteria.
Kidney and bladder are sterile while the urethra and vagina contain G (+) cells and G (-) enterobacteriacea.
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The four structures of the tooth are __?__.
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The cause of a Carie is __?__.
From the acidic byproducts of bacterial fermentation of sugars (lactic acid).
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Cariogenic bacteria include __?__ which converts __?__ and __?__
Streptococcus mutans which converts sucrose to dextrin, S. epidermitis which forms a thick protective biofilm and Lactobaccilus acidophlius.
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Saliva plays what role in preventing caries?
Acts as a buffer to keep mouth pH around 6.5-7.2. Rapid demineralization occures at pH 5.5.
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Plaque formations enhance formation of caries by __?__.
trapping sugars for bacterial fermentation which lowers pH. They also provide an anaerobic enviornment for bacteria to live in.
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