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ADH/aVP
(AndiDiuretic Hormone/Vasopressin)
- Secreted by: Hypothalamus
- Stored/Released by: Posterior Pituitary
- Target Tissue: Renal Tubule
- Action: Signals RT to save/reabsorb HOH; signals Hypothalamus you are thirsty.
- Pathology: Diabetes Insipidus = don't secrete enough ADH.
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OXYTOCIN (OT)
(also called Pitocin)
- Secreted by: Hypothalamus
- Stored/Released by: Posterior Pituitary
- Target Tissue: Uterus (others?)
- Action: Causes smooth muscle in uterus to contract; aids in parturitions (labor&delivery)
- Pathology: If hemmoraging occurs during parturition, stimulation of breasts may aid in release of OT to help.
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RELEASING HORMONES (FACTORS) OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
- SC = somatocrinin
- TRF
= thyrotropin releasing hormone- CRF
= corticotropin releasing hormone- GnRF
= gonadotropin releasing hormone- PRF
= prolactin releasing hormone
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INHIBITING HORMONES (FACTORS) OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
- SS = somatostatin
- PIF
= prolactin inhibiting hormone
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SOMATOTROPIN (ST)
includes: hCG; hST; bST
- Secreted by: Anterior Pituitary
- EXTRA: GH is a STRESS HORMONE
- Target Tissue: Liver, primarily
- Action: Stimulates Liver to secrete more hormones(Somatomedins:IGF-1&IGF-2)
- Pathology: "mad cow", KURU, CJD; Giantism, Pituitary Dwarfism, Achondroplasia, Acromegaly, Simmond's Disease
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THYROTROPIN/THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
- Secreted by: Anterior Pituitary
- EXTRA: TSH is a PROTEIN
- Target Tissue: Thyroid
- Action: Stimulates Thyroid to grow, make hormones (produce TG), secrete Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)
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ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN (ACTH)
- Secreted by: Anterior Pituitary
- EXTRA: ACTH is a STRESS HORMONE and a PROTEIN
- Target Tissue: Adrenal Cortex
- Action: Stimulates A/C to secrete glucocorticoids (dominant one is Cortisol)
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FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)
- Secreted by: Anterior Pituitary
- EXTRA: Is a gonadotropin and a PROTEIN; In Females=LH, in Males=ICSH
- Target Tissue: Follicles of gonads
- Action: In Females: Stimulates primordial follicle to become Graafian; stimulates Graafian to secrete Estrogen; then causes Corpus Luteum (ruptured GF) to secrete Estrogen & Progesterone. In Males: causes Interstitial Cells of Leydig to secrete Testosterone.
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LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)
- see also: FSH
- Stimulates Primordial follicle to become Graafian follicle, Graafian to secrete estrogen, after GF ruptures it becomes Corpus Luteum which LH causes to secrete Estrogen & Progesterone.
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INTERSTITIAL CELL STIMULATION HORMONE (ICSH)
- see also: FSH
- Stimulates the small cells around the semenal tubules (called Interstitial Cells of Leydig) to secrete Testosterone.
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PROLACTIN (PRL)
- Released after birth for lactation in mothers.
- (not known what it does in men)
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MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH)
- Secreted by: Pars Intermedia (of the Pituitary)
- Can't find additional info...need to research.
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THYROGLOBIN (TG)
- Secreted by: Thyroid
- EXTRA: Is a Storage Hormone
- TG===>T3 & T4===> Into the Blood
- Synthesis of T7 =
- Tyrosine + Iodine2 ===> T3 & T4
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TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)
- Secreted by: Thyroid
- EXTRA: Is an AMINE (modified Amino Acid); Main Thyroid hormone in Adults
- Target Tissue: ALL of them, ALL your life
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TETRAIODOTHYRONINE (T4)
- Secreted by: Thyroid
- EXTRA: Is an AMINE (modified Amino Acid); More importand in EMBRYOS; precursor of T3
- Target Tissue: ALL of them, ALL your life
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T7 (just another way to write T3 & T4)
- Secreted by: Thyroid
- Target Tissue: ALL of them, ALL your life
- Action: too many to memorize, but some are as follows:
- Stimulates BIG TIME protein anabolism (synthesis); Important BIG TIME in growth; effect on Breast Tissue=won't lactate correctly without T7 & PRL; Stimulates Mitochondria for ATP (effects BMR); Stimulates gut to produce digestive juices so they can break down starches/glucose; Stimulates Pancreas to secrete more insulin to use on glucose; Increases rate of respiration to produce more O2 for ATP; Increases heart rate to increase blood flow to send O2 and stuff to organs; In Men: increased T7 decreases labido, decreased T7 causes Impotence; In Women: increased T7 causes Hypermenorrhea, decreased T7 causes Amenorrhea; Acute Stress causes decrease in T7, Ongoing Stress causes increase in T7.
- Effect on CNS: Hyperthyroid = cranky/insomnia
- Hypothyroid = "asleep at the wheel"
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CALCITONIN (CT)
- Secreted by: Thyroid
- Action: Decreases blood Ca++ levels
- EXTRA: Is a PROTEIN - - doesn't fit the rule for catagorization.
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PARATHORMONE (PTH)
Secreted by: Parathyroid (Usually four small endocrine glands embedded in the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the Thyroid Gland.
- More info needs to be researched.
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GLUCAGON
- Secreted by: Alpha Cells of the Islets of Langerhans in Pancreas
- EXTRA: made of 29 Amino Acids
- Action: Stimulates liver GLYCOGENOLYSIS (glycogen==>glucose).
- After glycogenolysis, glucagon stimulates liver to secrete Glucose into the blood. (Liver is the ONLY tissue capable of this)
- Increases blood sugar levels; Prevents Hypoglycemia under everyday circumstances.
- Stimulus for Secretion: (by liver) Hypoglycemia
- Target Tissue: Liver (mainly)
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INSULIN
- Secreted by: Beta cells in Pancreas
- EXTRA: made of 51 Amino Acids; CRUCIAL in synthesis of PROTEINS; ONLY hormone in body that Lowers blood sugar.
- Target Tissue: (main ones:) Muscle, Liver, Adipose
- Action: Impacts wound repair, Antibody production, B-cells of Immune System, IGF 1&2 secretion, normal growth and development;Stimulate AT of AA and synthesis of Proteins; Increases uptake of glucose; stimulates glucose to glycogen; Stimulates Muscle to take glucose and convert to glycogen; Stimulates Adipose to take glucose and convert to Triglycerides.
- ***EXTRA NOTES: Brain uses Glucose for ATP, All other cells can use Glucose, Amino Acids (muscles), or Fatty Acids (adipose) for ATP. ***
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NOREPINEPHRINE (NOR or NE)
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ALDOSTERONE
(Steroid Hormone)
- Secreted by: Adrenal Cortex (classified as a Mineralocorticoid, because it affects the metabolism of minerals)
- Target Tissue: Renal Tubule
- Action: Causes Na++ reabsorption from glomerular filtrate; Prevents K+ reabsorption from glomerular filtrate; Also causes retention of Na++ and H2O.
- Stimulus for Secretion: Renin-angeotensin mechanism
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CORTISOL (also HYDROCORTISONE)
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ANDROGENS
(Steroid Hormone)
- Secreted by: Adrenal Cortex (both sexes)
- Action: Causes axillary and pubic hair in females; necessary for normal labido in adult females
- EXTRA: Similar to testosterone, but only 20% as powerful; Amount of adrenal androgens increases at puberty; Are Masculating Hormones.
- Pathology: Androgenital System(?)
- Does NOT occur in adult Males.
- Adult Females: excessive secretion may cause masculinization= clitoral enlargement, male hair patterns, voice changes, male pattern baldness.
- Female Children: excessive secretion may cause clitoral enlargement and other masculinizing characteristics.
- Female Fetus: excessive secretion during pregnancy (before week 12 gestation) causes Female Pseudohermaphroditism:a genetic female, female ovaries, male-like genitalia.
- Male Children: excessive secretion can cause precocious sexual development without development of testes.
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TESTOSTERONE
- Secreted by: Testes
- Action: Masculinization, stimulates puberty in males- semenal tubules to produce sperm; normal labido in women.
- EXTRA: Is a STEROID
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HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (hCG)
A PROTEIN
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MELATONIN
- Secreted by: Pineal Body
- Not well understood in mammals.
- Possible actions:
- May have an effect on "biological clocks" (indogeonous rhythms).
- May control onset of puberty by inhibiting GnRF.
- Secretion is high at night, low in daylight.
- EXTRA: named because it lightens the skin of tadpoles (melanophores).
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THYMOSIN
- Secreted by: Thymus
- Action: In general these hormones aid in the development of the immune system.
- This is one of several hormones isolated from the Thymus.
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