Psych Chpt 6

built in to the organism

if you repeat a neutral stimulus, the response is likely to decrease over time

this is less likely if the stimulus is threatening

ex: getting poked for an hour straight, less likely to happen if getting punched

Becoming more sensitive after a threatening stimulus

ex: being poked after being punched repeatedly

attachment of younger animlas to older animals/birds
This is not limited to within a species
ex: geese on humans

relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience. All organisms _______, it is necessary to survival

a type of learned response that occurs when a neutral object comes to elicit a reflexive response when it is ASSOCIATED with a stimulus that already elicits a response
*about the antecedent

learning through forming associations between experiences-->a process in which environmental stimuli and behavioral responses become connected

An extremely simple form of learning- even happens in womb

Studied saliva production in dogs
Rang bell when he brought out meat, dogs eventually strated salivating at just the sound of the bell

a stimulus that provokes an unconditioned response w/out previous conditioning
a stimulus that ellicits a response such as a reflex without prior learning
EX: MEAT

a response that does not have to be learned
ex: a reflex
EX:salivating

a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place
a previously neutral stimulus which has acquired meaning through conditioning
EX: BELL

a response that has been learned
-occurs because of previous condititioning
-usually weaker than the UCR
EX: SALIVATING TO BELL

onset of a CS (Bell), a bit before UCS (meat), ends with UCS

newer stimuli lead to faster learning--> b/c no other associations
ex: Jaws music new, more effective than if they had used Mary Had a Little Lamb

prepared stimuli are those that we are evolutionarily prepared to associate

Learned Taste Aversions- Garcia's Rats

Learned Fear: Mineka's Monkeys

the gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

the process in which the CR is weakened when the CS is repeated without the UCS
EX: ringing the bell without meat--> eventually the dog stops salivating to bell
**takes longer with biologically prepared stiumuli

a process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges following presentation of the CS
*when CR rebounds after time of no exposure to CS
*will fade quickly unless CS is paired with UCS

occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the CS produce the CR
EX: Watson's Little Albert and the white rat
-->grew to fear all fuzzy things

a differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the UCS
**when learning becomes specific
ex: dogs only salivate at Pavlov's bell, not doorbell

when a CS becomes directly associated not with the UCS, but with other stimulus associated with UCS
*mostly implicit

a learning process in which the CONSEQUENCES of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future
-Skinner reasoned we learn from cosequences as much as from antecedents

any behavior leading to a favorable outcome will more likely occur again and negative result will be less likely to occur

occurs when the consequences of a response INCREASES an organism's tendency to make that response
-->increase in action

response increases because it gets a positive
ex: allowance for cleaning room

response increases because a negative is removed
ex: no nagging after room is cleaned

Occurs when the presentation of a negative consequence DECREASES tendency to make the response

Behavior decreases because of a negative response
ex: spanking

Behavior decreases because of removal of a positive
ex: no TV for not cleaning room

Psychologist who reasoned that reinforcement is generally preferable to punishment
-punishment can cause unintended responses (ex: fear of punisher)
-better to reinforce positive behavior than to punish bad behavior

a process of operant conditioning, it involves reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior
ex: dog training- treat for lifting paw-treat for lifting near hand-treat for high five

reinforcing "chains" of behavior into one stream, only reinforce when entire "chain" of previously reinforced behaviors are emitted in the right order
-HOW: reinforce each behavior as it is done in order then withold reinforcement until two behaviors done in order--> repeat until done in order

if a behavior was previously reinforced, ten becomes unreinforced, behavior will extinguish over time

if you reward a behavior that otherwise was inherently interesting/rewarding--> can reduce enjoyment of it
ex: reading program

when an unreinforced behavior continues to be emitted often due to types of reinforcers

events that are inherently reinforcing becasue they satisfy biological needs (food, affection, etc)

events taht acquire primary reinforcing qualities through association (ex: money)

when every instance of the desired behavior is reinforced
**good for initial learing
ex: potty training

When the desired behavior is reinforced only some of the time
*better for long term persistence of behavior
*leads to greater resistence to extinction
ex: slot machines

results in superstitions
ex: pigeon experiment
baseball players, swimmers

learning through imitation
-learning that occurs when behaviors are acquired or modified following exposure to other performing the behavior

the imitation of behavior through observational learning

learning that occurs when people learn the consequences of an action by observing others being rewarded or punished for that behavior

a visual/spatial representation of an environment

learning without reinforcement

a solution suddenly emerges after a period of inaction or contemplation of problem
-a form of problem solving

to strengthen, make something more potente

the strengthening of a synaptic connection so that postsynaptic nerurons are more easily activated

LTP results from changes in the postsynaptic neruton that make it more easily activated

a type of glutamate receptor required for LTP
-only opens if nearby neuron fires at same time
activation of these receptors increases learning

may induce LTP in amygdala