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built in to the organism
Rudimentary learning
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if you repeat a neutral stimulus, the response is likely to decrease over time
this is less likely if the stimulus is threatening
ex: getting poked for an hour straight, less likely to happen if getting punched
Habituation
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Becoming more sensitive after a threatening stimulus
ex: being poked after being punched repeatedly
Sensitization
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attachment of younger animlas to older animals/birds
This is not limited to within a species
ex: geese on humans
Imprinting
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relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience. All organisms _______, it is necessary to survival
Learning
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a type of learned response that occurs when a neutral object comes to elicit a reflexive response when it is ASSOCIATED with a stimulus that already elicits a response
*about the antecedent
Pavlovian/Classical Conditioning
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learning through forming associations between experiences-->a process in which environmental stimuli and behavioral responses become connected
An extremely simple form of learning- even happens in womb
Conditioning
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Studied saliva production in dogs
Rang bell when he brought out meat, dogs eventually strated salivating at just the sound of the bell
Pavlov
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a stimulus that provokes an unconditioned response w/out previous conditioning
a stimulus that ellicits a response such as a reflex without prior learning
EX: MEAT
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
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a response that does not have to be learned
ex: a reflex
EX:salivating
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
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a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place
a previously neutral stimulus which has acquired meaning through conditioning
EX: BELL
Conditioned Response (CR)
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a response that has been learned
-occurs because of previous condititioning
-usually weaker than the UCR
EX: SALIVATING TO BELL
Conditioned Response (CR)
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onset of a CS (Bell), a bit before UCS (meat), ends with UCS
Contiguity
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newer stimuli lead to faster learning--> b/c no other associations
ex: Jaws music new, more effective than if they had used Mary Had a Little Lamb
Novelty
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prepared stimuli are those that we are evolutionarily prepared to associate
Biological Preparedness
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Learned Taste Aversions- Garcia's Rats
- Easier to condition taste/smell with nausea than light or sound
- Very true with novel tastes
- Things that occur outside the body (ex: pain) easier to condition to vision/light
- Things that occur inside the body eiasier to condition to taste/smell
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Learned Fear: Mineka's Monkeys
- Easier to condition lab monkeys to fear a snake than a flower (primates have biology to fear snakes)
- Ex: modern day phobias are still heights, spiders, etc. Not car accidents
-
the gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
Acquisition
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the process in which the CR is weakened when the CS is repeated without the UCS
EX: ringing the bell without meat--> eventually the dog stops salivating to bell
**takes longer with biologically prepared stiumuli
Extinction
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a process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges following presentation of the CS
*when CR rebounds after time of no exposure to CS
*will fade quickly unless CS is paired with UCS
Spontaneous Recovery
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occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the CS produce the CR
EX: Watson's Little Albert and the white rat
-->grew to fear all fuzzy things
Stimulus Generalization
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a differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the UCS
**when learning becomes specific
ex: dogs only salivate at Pavlov's bell, not doorbell
Stimulus Discrimination
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when a CS becomes directly associated not with the UCS, but with other stimulus associated with UCS
*mostly implicit
Second-Order Conditioning
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a learning process in which the CONSEQUENCES of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future
-Skinner reasoned we learn from cosequences as much as from antecedents
Operant/Instrumental Conditioning
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any behavior leading to a favorable outcome will more likely occur again and negative result will be less likely to occur
law of effect
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occurs when the consequences of a response INCREASES an organism's tendency to make that response
-->increase in action
Reinforcement
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response increases because it gets a positive
ex: allowance for cleaning room
Positive Reinforcement
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response increases because a negative is removed
ex: no nagging after room is cleaned
Negative Reinforcement
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Occurs when the presentation of a negative consequence DECREASES tendency to make the response
Punishment
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Behavior decreases because of a negative response
ex: spanking
Positive Punishment
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Behavior decreases because of removal of a positive
ex: no TV for not cleaning room
Negative Punishment
-
Psychologist who reasoned that reinforcement is generally preferable to punishment
-punishment can cause unintended responses (ex: fear of punisher)
-better to reinforce positive behavior than to punish bad behavior
Skinner
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a process of operant conditioning, it involves reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior
ex: dog training- treat for lifting paw-treat for lifting near hand-treat for high five
Shaping
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reinforcing "chains" of behavior into one stream, only reinforce when entire "chain" of previously reinforced behaviors are emitted in the right order
-HOW: reinforce each behavior as it is done in order then withold reinforcement until two behaviors done in order--> repeat until done in order
Chaining
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if a behavior was previously reinforced, ten becomes unreinforced, behavior will extinguish over time
extinction
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if you reward a behavior that otherwise was inherently interesting/rewarding--> can reduce enjoyment of it
ex: reading program
Over justification effect
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when an unreinforced behavior continues to be emitted often due to types of reinforcers
Resistence to Extinction
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events that are inherently reinforcing becasue they satisfy biological needs (food, affection, etc)
Primary Reinforcers
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events taht acquire primary reinforcing qualities through association (ex: money)
Secondary Reinforcement
-
when every instance of the desired behavior is reinforced
**good for initial learing
ex: potty training
Continuous Reinforcers
-
When the desired behavior is reinforced only some of the time
*better for long term persistence of behavior
*leads to greater resistence to extinction
ex: slot machines
Variable/Partial Reinforcement
-
results in superstitions
ex: pigeon experiment
baseball players, swimmers
Random reinforcement
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learning through imitation
-learning that occurs when behaviors are acquired or modified following exposure to other performing the behavior
Observational Learning
-
the imitation of behavior through observational learning
modeling
-
learning that occurs when people learn the consequences of an action by observing others being rewarded or punished for that behavior
Vicarious Learning
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a visual/spatial representation of an environment
cognitive maps
-
learning without reinforcement
latent learning
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a solution suddenly emerges after a period of inaction or contemplation of problem
-a form of problem solving
insight learning
-
to strengthen, make something more potente
potentiate
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the strengthening of a synaptic connection so that postsynaptic nerurons are more easily activated
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
-
LTP results from changes in the postsynaptic neruton that make it more easily activated
aplysia
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a type of glutamate receptor required for LTP
-only opens if nearby neuron fires at same time
activation of these receptors increases learning
NMDA Receptor
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may induce LTP in amygdala
fear conditioning
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