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Dunn�s health grid
Health is affected by an individual�s status on the health-illness continuum as well as environmental conditions.
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Neuman�s continuum
A balance of input and output. A. When energy output exceeds input, illness results. B. Wellness occurs when more energy is generated than expended.
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Coping ability
As we progress through the stages of development, we develop understanding and skills to help us deal with illness.
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Perceptions
When disease, loss, or other disruptions occur at a younger age than expected, they change our perception of the event and may present a greater challenge to our coping skills than disruptions that are expected.
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Acute illness
Occurs suddenly and lasts for a limited amount of time.
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Chronic illness
Lasts for a long period of time, usually up to 6 months or more, often for a lifetime.
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Remission
Occurs when symptoms are minimal to none.
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Exacerbation
Occurs when symptoms intensify.
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Hardiness is described as
Developing a very strong positive force to live � and enjoying the fight!
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Psychosocial theory
A method of understanding people as a combination of psychological and social events.
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Dynamic self
Who we are (the self) is subject to change through social and environmental influence.
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Internal locus of control
People who allow their inner voice to influence their self-concept
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External locus of control
People who attribute control of their situation to external factors, including other people, institutions, and God.
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Body image
Your mental image of your physical self, including physical appearance and physical functioning.
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Role performance
The actions a person takes and the behaviors he demonstrates in fulfilling a role.
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Role strain
A mismatch between role expectations and role performance.
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Interpersonal role conflict
Your ideas about how you perform may be different from your instructors
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Interrole conflict
When two roles make competing demands on an individual
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Personal identity
Your view of yourself as a unique human being, different and separate from all others.
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Self-esteem
How well a person likes himself.
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Anxiety
A vague, emotional response to a known or unknown threat (uneasy feeling of discomfort or dread).
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Fear
A specific, cognitive response to a known threat.
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Intensity
How much anxiety is present
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Duration
How long has the anxiety been present
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Normal anxiety
An essential reaction to a realistic danger or threat to our physical or psychological integrity. Enables survival.
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Abnormal anxiety
Out of proportion to the situation and lasts long after the threat is over, perhaps causing a person to change her lifestyle.
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Defense Mechanisms
Are used either consciously or unconsciously to relieve anxiety
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Denial
Refusing to acknowledge the existence of a real situation or associated feelings
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Displacement
Transferring feelings from one target to another that seems less threatening.
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Psychosis
A loss of ability to differentiate self from nonself or by impaired reality testing, often accompanied by hallucinations and delusions.
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Depression
Used to describe a feeling of sadness or �the blues� but with characteristic symptoms and often devastating consequences if left untreated
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Major depressive disorder
Depressed mood most of the day nearly every day for at least two weeks
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Anhedonia
A loss of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyable activities.
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Delirium (Acute confusion)
An acute and potentially reversible disturbance of consciousness and cognition in response to underlying medical or mental illnesses, drug detoxicity, and a variety of other causes.
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Dementia
An irreversible decline in mental abilities.
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Loss
The undesired change or removal of a valued object, person, or situation.
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Actual loss
Can be identified by others, not just the person experiencing it
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Perceived loss
Is, internal; it is identified only by the person experiencing it
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Physical loss
Includes injuries, removal of an organ, and/or loss of function
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Psychological loss
Usually challenge our belief system in areas of sexuality, control, fairness, meaning, and trust
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External loss
Actual loss of objects that are important to the person because of their costs or sentimental value
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Internal loss
A term for perceived or psychological loss
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Grief
The physical, psychological, and spiritual responses to a loss
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Mourning
Consists of actions associated with grief
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Bereavement
The period of mourning and adjustment time after a loss
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Uncomplicated grief
Normal grief; the natural response to a loss
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Complicated grief
Is distinguished from uncomplicated grief by length of time and intensity of emotion
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Chronic grief
Begins as normal grief but continues long term, with little resolution of feelings and inability to rejoin normal life.
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Masked grief
When the person is grieving but expressing the grief through other types of behavior
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Delayed grief
Grief that is put off until a later time
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Anticipatory grief
Is experienced before a loss occurs
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Whole-brain death
The irreversible cessation of all functions of the brain, including the brain stem
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Higher-brain death
The irreversible cessation of all �higher� brain functions (consciousness, memory, cognitive functioning, and reasoning)
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Coma
A prolonged, deep state of unconsciousness lasting days or even years
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Persistent vegetative state (PVS)
Sometimes follows a coma, the person does not respond to stimuli, is unaware of the environment, and has not cognition or affected mental functions
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Cheyne-Stokes respirations
A cyclic pattern consisting of a 10- to 60- second period of apnea and then a gradual increase in depth and rate of respirations. Respirations gradually become slow and shallow, and then the cycle begins again.
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Palliative care
Aggressively planned, holistic comfort care
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Living will
A document prepared by a competent person giving instructions regarding medical care if that person becomes unable to make decisions
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Durable power of attorney or healthcare proxy
When a competent person names another individual to make decisions regarding his healthcare choices under certain conditions when he is unable to do so.
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DNAR order
An order to NOT attempt resuscitation of the patient in the event of cardiac or respiratory failure.
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Assisted suicide
Making available that which is needed for the patient to end his own life
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Euthanasia
Refers to deliberately ending of a life of someone suffering for a terminal or incurable illness
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Active euthanasia
Occurs as a result of a direct action (giving meds)
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Passive euthanasia
Occurs as a result of a lack of action (withholding medications, food)
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Autopsy
A medical exam of the body to determine the cause of death
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Bibliotherapy
A counseling technique used when grief therapy is indicated
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Rigor mortis
The stiffening of the body after death caused by the contraction of muscles from lack of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), occurring around 2-4 hours after death
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Algor mortis
Occurs when the blood stops circulating; body temperature drops about 1.88 degrees F per hour until it reaches room temperature
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Livor mortis
The bluish and mottled look of the body is caused by the breakdown of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin.
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