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What is attention?
the active cognitive processing of a limited amount of information from the vast amount of information available through the senses, in memory, and through cognitives process; focus on a small subset of available stimuli
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What is consciousness?
Includes both the feeling of awareness and the content of awareness
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What is Preconsciousness processing?
information that is available for cognitive processing but that currently lies outside conscious awareness exists at the preconscious level of awareness. Preconscious information includes stores memories that we are not using at a given time but that we could summon when needed.
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Priming
The facilitation of one's ability to utilize missing information; occurs when recognition of certain stimuli is affected by prior presentation of the same or similar stimuli
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Input Attention: Alertness or arousal
a basic capacity to respond to the environment
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Input Attention: Vigilance/Sustained attention
maintenance of attention for infrequent events over long periods of time
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Input Attention: Explicit Processing
Conscious processing- conscious awareness that a task is being preformed, and usually conscious awareness of the outcome of performance
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Input Attention: Implicit Processing
Processing with no necessary involvement of conscious awareness
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Bonebakker, Jelic, Passchier & Bonke (1996) - Word Stem Completion Task
Patients going into surgery were given a list of words then during surgery they were given a list of words. BOARD LIGHT -- they were given BO_ _ _ LI _ _ _. Patients undergoing surgery would be able to fill out the blank letters.
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Orientating Reflex Response
A reflex redirection of attention that orients you toward the unexpected stimulus
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Orientating Reflex Response: Attention Capture
the spontaneous redirection of attention to stimuli in the world based on physical characteristics. Triggers: stimuli important to the organism, novel stimuli. Habituation: gradual reduction of the orientating response baseline
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Spotlight Attention and Search
The mental attention focusing mechanism that prepares.. includes posner's spacial cueing task
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Controlled Attention
Deliberate, voluntary allocation of mental effort or concentration
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Selective Attention
The Ability to attend to one source of information while ignoring other on-going stimuli around us
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Filtering/Selecting
The mental process of eliminating distractions/unwanted messages
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Overload
giving the system more than it can handle and test the accuracy for a portion of information
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What is the orientating reflex and why is it important?
It is important because it allows on organism to direct their attention to different situations in their environment.
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Can the orientating reflex hibernate?
yes
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Explicit Processing
Conscious processing - conscious awareness that a task is being preformed, and usually conscious awareness of the outcome of performance
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Implicit Processing
processing with no necessary involvement of conscious awareness
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Posner's Spatial cuing task
type of perceptual task requiring attention that typically involves an active scan of the visual environment for a particular object or feature (the target) among other objects or features (the distractors)
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Posner's Spatial Cuing Task - Facilitation
Faster than baseline response resulting from the useful advance information
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Posner's Spatial Cuing Task - Cost
A response slower than baseline because of the misleading cue
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Visual Search Task - Feature Search
search for the presence of specified features
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Visual Search Task - Conjunction Search
search for the combination of two features
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Visual Search Task - Inhibition of Return
Recently checked locations are mentally marked by attention as places that the search process would not return to
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Shadowing Experiements
Participants must repeat back a message that is played through headphones in one ear and ignore the other message
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Shadowing Experiments - Attentional selection
- occurs after the initial processing of the message is done
- Right Ear: While Bill was walking through the forest/ A Bank can lend you the money
- Left Ear: If you want to buy a car/ A tree fell
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Late Selection Theory - Attenuation
reduced in informational importance to ongoing processing
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Late Selection Theory - Mind Wandering
situation in which a person's attention and thoughts wander from the current task to some other inappropriate line of thought
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Early Selection Theory
attention shuts down or attenuates processing in the unattended ear before the mind can analyze its semantic content
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Inhibition
actively suppress mental representation of salient but irrevelent information so that it's activation level is reduced, perhaps resting below baseline level.
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Negative Priming
slower to respond to the target trials when they were preceded by irreverent distractor primes compared to control trials where the ignored object on the prime trial was an unrelated item
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Automatic Processing
is done with little or no necessary involvement of a conscious
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Conscious Processing
occurs with attention, open to awareness, tends to be slower
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Disadvantages to automaticity
action slips - unintended, often automatic, actions that are inappropriate for the current situation
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hemineglect
disruption/decreased ability to attend to something in the (often) left field or vision
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memory
the means by which we retain and draw on our past experiences to use this information in the present
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Early research on the short term memory
intelligence tests. there is was found that people typically have a limit to how much they can remember and it is usually about 7(+-2)
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Chunking/Recording
grouping items together, than remembering the newly formed groups
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Brown-Peterson Task
Pp were given 3 letters followed by a 3 digit number. They were asked to count backwards by 3. after counting they were acked to recall the letters. it was said that the letters were forgotten due to decay over time. later researchers questioned the assumption that backward counting would not interfere with the task of keeping the letters in memory
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how did the prob digit task provide clearer evidence for interference
16 digits were presented at a rate of either 1 or 4 per second. given 7 4 6 and 9 with a probe of 4, the person must recall the 6. if forgetting is due to decay the 2 groups should differ since so much time elapsd in the 16 second condition. agrued that it is not the passage of time but the interveneing items.
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proactive interference
when older material interferes forward in time with your recollection of the current stimulus.
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release
when the decline in performance caused by PI is reversed because of a switch in the to be remembered stimuli
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retro active interference
when newer material interferes backward in time with your recollection of older items
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serial position curve
graph of items by item accuracy on a recall task
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serial position
refers to the original position an item had in the list it was studied
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working memory - central executive
in charge of planning future actions, initiating retrieval and decision processes as necessary and integrating information coming into the system
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working memory - phonological loop
speech and sound related component responsible for rehearsal of verbal information
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phonological loop - phonological store
passive store components
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phonological loop - articulary loop
involved in active refreshing of information in the phonological stage
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working memory - visual spatial sketch pad
system specialized for visual and spatial information holding or maintaining that information in a short duration
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working memory - episodic buffer
the portion of working memory where info from different modalities and sources are bound together to form new episodic memories
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two ways working memory can be assesed
- dual task methodology
- working memory span
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dual task methodology
generally have a primary task that you are most interested in and a secondary task that is performed simultaneously (both tasks must be related to WM)
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working memory span
individual differences approach (high and low span)
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