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_______ is gas to solid.
deposition
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what is the triple point?
solid, liquid, and gas occur all at once, all 3 phases coexist.
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what is the critical point?
point at which liquid becomes supercritical
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what does super critical mean?
has properties of liquid and gas at same time
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what is vapor pressure?
pressure exerted by vapor when itsin dynamic equilibrium with its liquid
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the amount of heat energy required to vaporize one mole of a liquid is called what/
Heat of vaporization
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What is the formula for calculating Heat of vaporization?
Delta H (condensation)= -Delta H (vaporization)
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Heat of vaporization is always what/
Endothermic, +
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liquids that evaporate easily are said to be what? (gasoline, finger nail polish remover)
volatile
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what is viscosity?
the resistance of a liquid to flow
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higher temp= ____ viscosity
lower
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larger intermoleculare attractions= ____ viscosity
larger
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give 3 physical properties of liquids that are dependent on IMF's
surface tension, viscosity, ability to dissolve
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what is a good rule for increasing BP's
the longer the carbon chain the higher the BP
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what 2 ways can the rate of evaporation be increased for a given volume of water?
increased temprature and surface area
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all molecules and atoms have what kind of IMF?
dispersion
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Molecules containing H bonded to F, O, or N have what kind of IMF?
hydrogen bonding
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Polar molecules have what kind of IMF?
Dipole-Dipole
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Mixtures of ionic and polar compounds have what kind of IMF?
Ion-Dipole
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List inorder of increasing strength the types of IMF. 1 being strongest
Ion-Dipole, Hydrogen, Dipole-Dipole, Dispersion
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____ is the property of liquids that results from the tendency of liquids to minimize their surface area
surface tension
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Why do surface molecules behave different than other molecules and how do they behave different?
because they have less neighbors, and they're less stable
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why do meniscuses form?
because of competition between cohesive and adhesive forces
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what is BP?
point at which vapor pressure= external pressure
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when reffering to BP's the higher the elevation the______ the BP.
lower
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Why is the H-O-H bond angle in water 104.5 degrees rather than 109.5 degrees angle that would be expected?
b/c the lone pair of electrons are more repulsive than the pair of electrons that are bonded.
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What are the 3 exceptions to the octet rule?
- Phosphorus & Sulfur have expanded octets
- Boron has less than octet
- odd # electrons
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3 Types of bonding?
- Ionic: Metal & non-metal
- Molecular (covalent): 2 non-metals
- Metallic: 2 metals
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what is an excited state?
when it doesn't fulfill an energy level but skips and goes to next highest, when it decays back down it gives off energy
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What is the formula for formal charge?
(# valance electrons in neutral atom)- (unshared e's)-(1/2 # bonded)
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what is a saturated soln?
when max amt of solute is dissolved in a given volume of solvent
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What is a unsaturated soln?
less than max amt that can dissolve
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what is a superstaturated soln?
when more than max amt of solute is dissolved in a given volumeof solvent
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Solubility of gases ____ as temp increases.
decrese
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What is Henry's Law?
P (pressure)=KH(henry's const.)* C
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what is dalton's Law of partial pressures?
Pt=nt(RT/V)
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What is the formula for the density of a gas?
- D= Molar mass/ molar volume
- or
- D= PM/RT
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What is Boyles law?
P1V1=P2V2
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what's Charles's Law?
V1/T1=V2/T2
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What is Avagadro's Law?
V1/n1=V2/n2
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in PV=nRT, R is what?
gas constant= 0.08206 L*atm/mol*K
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