Biology 1108 FINAL

• The study of the relationship between organisms and their enviornment.
• 1. Organismal: how an organisms structure, physiology, and behavior meet enviornmental challenges
• 2. Population
• 3. Community: examines the interactions among species, or the role of a particular species in maintaning community structure and organization
• 4. Ecosystem: focuses on energy flow and nutrient cycling between organisms and their enviornment
• 5. Landscape: Deals with the array of ecosystems and their arrangement in a geographic region
• 6. Global: Examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere

Nonliving chemical and physical factors

The bottom surface of an aquaticenvironment

Any of the world’s major ecosystems

The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life

Living organisims

A scrubland biome of dense, spiny evergreen shrubs found at midlatitudes along coasts where cold ocean currents circulate offshore; characterized by mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers.

The prevailing weather conditions at a locality.

All the organisms that inhabit a particular area.

A terrestrial biome characterized by very low precipitation.

The study of the relationship between organisms and their enviornment

A community and its nonliving enviornment

Standing water

Running water

The narrow top layer of an ocean or lake, where light penetrates suffi- ciently for photosynthesis to occur.

A localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed, produc- ing fertile offspring.

A terrestrial biome char- acterized by high levels of precipitation and high temperatures year-round.

A biome at the extreme limits of plant growth.

• Clumped Distribution (most common): results from patchy distribution of resources or suitable living conditions, greater safety from predation, enhanced foraging or mating success.
• Uniform Dispersal: results from even resource distribution, territoriality
• Random Dispersal (rare in nature): individuals are spaced in a patternless unpredictable way

• Exponential growth: population increases by an exponential amount each generation
• -Occurs under ideal, unregulated conditions
• -J-shaped graph
• -Generally short lived in nature
• Logistic Growth:
• -Population initally gwows, but growth later levels out
• -Limited by enviornmental factors
• -S-shaped growth curve

density dependant factors make the population more stable, density independent factors make the population more unstable

• K-selected: density dependant, relativly stable
• R-selected: limited by reproductive rate, density independent, relativly unstable

Survivorship curves describe how long, on average, individuals of a given age can be expected to live.

The change in population size over a time interval

• Exponential growth: Occurs under ideal, unregulated conditions, J-shaped, generally short lived in nature
• Logistic growth: Population initially grows but later levels out, limited by enviornmental factors, S-shaped growth curve
• Carrying capacity: The maximum # of individuals a population can support
• Equilibrium:

• K-selection: density dependant, relativly stable
• r-selection: populations are usually well below carrying capacity, are adapted for rapid and prolific reproduction, density independant

Mullerian: A mutual mimicry by two unpalatable species.

Batesian: A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators.

An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact.

A symbiotic re- lationship in which both participants benefit.

A sym- biotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed

A symbiotic rela- tionship in which one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another, the host, by living either within or on the host.

The bright coloration of animals with effec- tive physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators.

Camouflage such that a potential prey is difficult to spot against its background.

The interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem

An organism that produces organic compounds from CO2 by harnessing light energy or by oxidizing inorganic chemicals

Law of Segregation: A organism inherits 2 allels for each charecter. The 2 alleles seperate during gamete production

Law of independant Assortment: Involves more than 1 charecter, each pair of alleles segragates into gametes independently of each other pair of alleles, true if alleles for each charecter are on seperate chromosomes

Pedigrees: Squares=Male, Circles=Females

Identical genotypes may have different phenotypes due to enviornment

A hereditary unit. Has a specific position on a chromosome

A copy of a gene

A structure carrying genetic material, found in the nu- cleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.

Genetic properties of an organism

Having two different alleles for a given gene.

Having two identical alleles for a given gene.

Offspring that results from the mating of individuals from two different species.

A specific placealong the length of a chromosome where agiven gene is located.

A diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characters in par- ents and offspring over multiple generations.

• The visible charecters
• genes
• enviornment

Most X-linked genes have no homologous loci on the Y chromosome

There is random variation in a population, much of the variation is heritable, all species will produce more offspring than the enviornment can support, many offspring do not survive

Pesticide resistance in insects, the development of antibiotic-resistant microbes, drug resistant dtrains of HIV

• Organisms on eart today descended from ancestral species
• As they spread into different habitats, they accumulated different adaptations

A process in which organ- isms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics.

Inherited charecteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in specific enviornments

Based on how many offspring an organism produces

Lamarcks contribution to natural selection, which was wrong.

The study of past and present distribution of species

Similarity in charecteristics resulting from a shared ancestry

• Chronological changes in organisms
• Transitional forms

• The chemical material of genes is common to all organisms
• Related species share greater DNA/protien similarity

Tracks the genetic makeup of populations over time

Frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation

Mutations get shuffled during sexual recombination

Genetic drift that results from a drastic reduction in population size

All the individuals in a population are homozygous for the same allele

Genetic drift that occurs when a small number of individuals 'found' a new colony

Individuals move between populations bringing in new alleles

Consists of all alleles of all individuals making up a population

Differences between members of the same species

Average percent of heterozygous loci in a population

A change to just one base in a sequence of DNA

2 or more forms of a charecterist are present

A group of individuals that have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring

Prezygotic barriers

Allopatric: requires geographic seperation

Sympatric: a new species arises within the geographic range of the parent species

• Impede mating between species or hinder fertilization of eggs
• ex: Habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation

• Act as a backup, should a hybrid zygote form
• ex: Reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown

• Bacteria: cell walls of peptidoglycan
• Archaea: cell walls of polysaccharides and protiens
• Eukarya: cell walls or chitin or cellulose

Bacteria are used to make medicine, wash clothes, clean industrial waste, produce foods like cheeses, yogurts, and much more, decomposers, nitrogen fixing

Mostly small unicellular eukaryotes, mostly aquatic, hetertrophs and photoautotrophs

Eukaryotic: a type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus.

Prokaryotic: A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles.

Autotrophs, most are terrestrial, multicelluliar eukaryotes, cell walls of cellulose

• Bryophytes: Waxy cuticle, the retention of developing embryos within the mothers gametangium, need water to reproduce, lack roots and have no vascular tissue and lingin
• Ferns: vascular tissue, well developed roots and leaves

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte.

• Haploid
• Produce haploid gametes by mitosis

• Diploid stage
• Produces haploid spores by meiosis

• POLLEN
• Gymnosperms:
• seeds are naked, not enclosed by fruit

• Angiosperms:
• Flowers, fruit (seeds encased in ovary tissue)

• Flowering plants
• 250,000 species

Flowering plants

have 2 embryionic seed leaves or cotyledons

The pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into the ovule. One sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with 2 nuclei in the central cell of the femal gametophyte to develope the food-storing endosperm (3n)

Innermost of the 3 primary layers; nourishes the devoleping embryo

Angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction

Typically consists of a mature ovary. Protects seeds, aid in their dispersal. Mature fruits can be fleshy or dry.

"naked seed" plants, including the conifers

Angiosperms that have one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon

The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules.

An adaptation of some terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective coat.

Eukaryotes, consist of multicellular filaments or single cells (yeasts), no tissues or organs, have cell walls of chitin, heterotrophs, digest food externally then absorb it,

Saprophytes: live on dead organic matter

Principal decomposers of ecosystems, recycle nutrients, commercially important as food, in baking, in wine and beer production.

Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, ingest their food, digest their food within their bodies, glycogen as energy storage molocule, no cell walls; collagen, muscle and nerve tissue-movement, development includes a blastula and gastrula, animals are diploid

Symmetry determines the type of lifestyle (sessile or active), body cavaties provide space for organs, cephalization is important for movement

No body cavaty, organs limited. Tend to have a limited gastrovascular cavity.

An evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equiptment on the anterior end of the body

Body cavity completely lined with mesoderm. Gut surrounded by muscle. Complete digestvie system.

Body cavity incompletely lined with mesoderm, but complete digestive system, organs present

Radially symmetrical animals are designed to lead inactive lives-they reamin stationary or drift with the ocean currents. Bilaterally symmetrical animals are designed to live active lives, or they prowl for food or other resources. Associated with cephalization; a trend toward concentrating the sensory equiptment on the anterior end where the animal is usually first to encounter food, danger, and other stimuli.

An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both

Notochords, dorsal hollow nerve chords, pharyngeal slits or clefts, Muscular post-anal tail

Backbone, cephalized, better developed lungs