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Chapter 52
Define Ecology and its main areas
- The study of the relationship between organisms and their enviornment.
- 1. Organismal: how an organisms structure, physiology, and behavior meet enviornmental challenges
- 2. Population
- 3. Community: examines the interactions among species, or the role of a particular species in maintaning community structure and organization
- 4. Ecosystem: focuses on energy flow and nutrient cycling between organisms and their enviornment
- 5. Landscape: Deals with the array of ecosystems and their arrangement in a geographic region
- 6. Global: Examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere
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Chapter 52
Discuss abiotic and biotic factors; discuss the 2 main abiotic factors influencing the distribution of organisms on land
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Discuss charecteristics of the major biomes in our biosphere
-Stratification in aquatic ecosystems
-Aquatic biomes
-Terrestrial biomes
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Abiotic?
Nonliving chemical and physical factors
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Benthic?
The bottom surface of an aquaticenvironment
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Biome?
Any of the world’s major ecosystems
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Biosphere?
The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life
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Biotic?
Living organisims
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Chaparral?
A scrubland biome of dense, spiny evergreen shrubs found at midlatitudes along coasts where cold ocean currents circulate offshore; characterized by mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers.
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Climate?
The prevailing weather conditions at a locality.
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Community?
All the organisms that inhabit a particular area.
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Desert?
A terrestrial biome characterized by very low precipitation.
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Ecology?
The study of the relationship between organisms and their enviornment
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Ecosystem?
A community and its nonliving enviornment
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Lentic?
Standing water
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Lotic?
Running water
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Photic Zone?
The narrow top layer of an ocean or lake, where light penetrates suffi- ciently for photosynthesis to occur.
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Population?
A localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed, produc- ing fertile offspring.
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Temperate deciduous forest?
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Tropical Forest?
A terrestrial biome char- acterized by high levels of precipitation and high temperatures year-round.
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Tundra?
A biome at the extreme limits of plant growth.
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Chapter 53
Discuss biologocial processes influencing population dispersion and demography
- Clumped Distribution (most common): results from patchy distribution of resources or suitable living conditions, greater safety from predation, enhanced foraging or mating success.
- Uniform Dispersal: results from even resource distribution, territoriality
- Random Dispersal (rare in nature): individuals are spaced in a patternless unpredictable way
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Chapter 53
Compare exponential and logistic population growth
- Exponential growth: population increases by an exponential amount each generation
- -Occurs under ideal, unregulated conditions
- -J-shaped graph
- -Generally short lived in nature
- Logistic Growth:
- -Population initally gwows, but growth later levels out
- -Limited by enviornmental factors
- -S-shaped growth curve
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How do density-dependant and density-independant factors affect population size?
density dependant factors make the population more stable, density independent factors make the population more unstable
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Describe charecteristics of opportunistic (r-selected) and equilibrium (k-selected) species
- K-selected: density dependant, relativly stable
- R-selected: limited by reproductive rate, density independent, relativly unstable
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Discuss human population growth
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Explain:
Limiting factor/resource
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Explain:
Survivorship, age structure
Survivorship curves describe how long, on average, individuals of a given age can be expected to live.
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Explain:
Rate of increase (r):
The change in population size over a time interval
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Explain:
Exponential growth; Logistic growth; Carrying capacity; Equilibrium
- Exponential growth: Occurs under ideal, unregulated conditions, J-shaped, generally short lived in nature
- Logistic growth: Population initially grows but later levels out, limited by enviornmental factors, S-shaped growth curve
- Carrying capacity: The maximum # of individuals a population can support
- Equilibrium:
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Explain:
Density-dependant; Density-independant; Life history; r- and K- selection
- K-selection: density dependant, relativly stable
- r-selection: populations are usually well below carrying capacity, are adapted for rapid and prolific reproduction, density independant
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Chapter 54
Discuss the components of species diversity and the factors the factors that influence species diversity
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Discuss the terms habitat and ecological niche
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Explain the role of interspecific competition, competitive exclusion, and resource-partitioning in communities
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Describe the variety of predator and antipredator adaptations
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Explain the role of keystone predators and keystone species
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Describe different types of symbiotic relationships with examples
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Batesian and Mullerian mimicry?
Mullerian: A mutual mimicry by two unpalatable species.
Batesian: A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators.
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Symbiosis?
An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact.
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Mutualism?
A symbiotic re- lationship in which both participants benefit.
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Commonensalism?
A sym- biotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed
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Parasitism?
A symbiotic rela- tionship in which one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of another, the host, by living either within or on the host.
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Aposematic coloration?
The bright coloration of animals with effec- tive physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators.
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Cryptic coloration?
Camouflage such that a potential prey is difficult to spot against its background.
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Food web?
The interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem
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Producer?
An organism that produces organic compounds from CO2 by harnessing light energy or by oxidizing inorganic chemicals
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Chapter 14
Understand Mendelian principals (Law of Segregation & Law of Independant Assortment)
Law of Segregation: A organism inherits 2 allels for each charecter. The 2 alleles seperate during gamete production
Law of independant Assortment: Involves more than 1 charecter, each pair of alleles segragates into gametes independently of each other pair of alleles, true if alleles for each charecter are on seperate chromosomes
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Chapter 14
Interpert and use Punnett squares and Pedigrees in genetic problem solving
Pedigrees: Squares=Male, Circles=Females
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Define the role of geneotype and the enviornment in producing the phenotype
Identical genotypes may have different phenotypes due to enviornment
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Gene?
A hereditary unit. Has a specific position on a chromosome
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Allele?
A copy of a gene
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Chromosome?
A structure carrying genetic material, found in the nu- cleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
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Geneotype?
Genetic properties of an organism
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Heterozygous?
Having two different alleles for a given gene.
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Homozygous?
Having two identical alleles for a given gene.
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Hybrid?
Offspring that results from the mating of individuals from two different species.
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Locus?
A specific placealong the length of a chromosome where agiven gene is located.
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Pedigree?
A diagram of a family tree showing the occurrence of heritable characters in par- ents and offspring over multiple generations.
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Phenotype?
- The visible charecters
- genes
- enviornment
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Chapter 15
Patterns of inheritance for Autosomal and sex-linked genes
Most X-linked genes have no homologous loci on the Y chromosome
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Chapter 22
Explain the 3 main premises of Darwinism
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Chapter 22
Explain the process of natural selection as one mechanisim of evolutionary change
There is random variation in a population, much of the variation is heritable, all species will produce more offspring than the enviornment can support, many offspring do not survive
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Chapter 22
Describe the lines of evidence that support evolution
Pesticide resistance in insects, the development of antibiotic-resistant microbes, drug resistant dtrains of HIV
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Descent with modification?
- Organisms on eart today descended from ancestral species
- As they spread into different habitats, they accumulated different adaptations
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Natural Selection?
A process in which organ- isms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics.
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Adaptation?
Inherited charecteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in specific enviornments
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Fitness?
Based on how many offspring an organism produces
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Inheritance of acquried charecteristics?
Lamarcks contribution to natural selection, which was wrong.
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Biogeography?
The study of past and present distribution of species
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Homology?
Similarity in charecteristics resulting from a shared ancestry
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Fossil record?
- Chronological changes in organisms
- Transitional forms
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Molecular Biology?
- The chemical material of genes is common to all organisms
- Related species share greater DNA/protien similarity
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Chapter 23
Define population genetics
Tracks the genetic makeup of populations over time
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Chapter 23
Explain the concept of the Hardy-Weinbery equilibrium and its relationship to evolution
Frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation
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Discuss the role of mutation and sexual recombination in evolution
Mutations get shuffled during sexual recombination
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Bottleneck Effect?
Genetic drift that results from a drastic reduction in population size
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Fixed?
All the individuals in a population are homozygous for the same allele
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Founder Effect?
Genetic drift that occurs when a small number of individuals 'found' a new colony
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Gene Flow?
Individuals move between populations bringing in new alleles
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Gene Pool?
Consists of all alleles of all individuals making up a population
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Genetic Variation?
Differences between members of the same species
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Heterozygosity?
Average percent of heterozygous loci in a population
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Point Mutation?
A change to just one base in a sequence of DNA
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Polymorphism?
2 or more forms of a charecterist are present
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What is a species?
A group of individuals that have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring
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What mechanisims maintain reproductive isolation among species?
Prezygotic barriers
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Differentiate between allopatric and sympatric speciation
Allopatric: requires geographic seperation
Sympatric: a new species arises within the geographic range of the parent species
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Prezygotic barriers?
- Impede mating between species or hinder fertilization of eggs
- ex: Habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation
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Postzygotic barriers?
- Act as a backup, should a hybrid zygote form
- ex: Reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown
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Chapter 27
Discuss general and distinguishing charecteristics or the 3 domains (Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya)
- Bacteria: cell walls of peptidoglycan
- Archaea: cell walls of polysaccharides and protiens
- Eukarya: cell walls or chitin or cellulose
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Identify some of the important economic and ecological roles of Bacteria and Archaea
Bacteria are used to make medicine, wash clothes, clean industrial waste, produce foods like cheeses, yogurts, and much more, decomposers, nitrogen fixing
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Chapter 28
Discuss general and distinguishing charecteristics of the kingdom Protista
Mostly small unicellular eukaryotes, mostly aquatic, hetertrophs and photoautotrophs
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Discuss differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic: a type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus.
Prokaryotic: A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles.
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Chapter 29
Identify distinguishing charecteristics of plants
Autotrophs, most are terrestrial, multicelluliar eukaryotes, cell walls of cellulose
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Chapter 29
Discuss general charecteristics and adaptations of the 2 main groups of seedless plants: bryophytes (seedless non-vascular plants) and ferns (seedless vascular plants)
- Bryophytes: Waxy cuticle, the retention of developing embryos within the mothers gametangium, need water to reproduce, lack roots and have no vascular tissue and lingin
- Ferns: vascular tissue, well developed roots and leaves
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Alteration of generations?
A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte.
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Gametophyte?
- Haploid
- Produce haploid gametes by mitosis
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Sporophyte?
- Diploid stage
- Produces haploid spores by meiosis
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Chapter 30
Discuss general charecteriscs and adaptation of the 2 main groups of seed plants: gymnospers and angiosperms
- POLLEN
- Gymnosperms:
- seeds are naked, not enclosed by fruit
- Angiosperms:
- Flowers, fruit (seeds encased in ovary tissue)
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Anthrophyta?
- Flowering plants
- 250,000 species
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Angiosperms?
Flowering plants
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Dicots?
have 2 embryionic seed leaves or cotyledons
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Double Fertilization?
The pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into the ovule. One sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other combines with 2 nuclei in the central cell of the femal gametophyte to develope the food-storing endosperm (3n)
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Endosperm?
Innermost of the 3 primary layers; nourishes the devoleping embryo
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Flower?
Angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction
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Fruit?
Typically consists of a mature ovary. Protects seeds, aid in their dispersal. Mature fruits can be fleshy or dry.
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Gymnosperms?
"naked seed" plants, including the conifers
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Monocots?
Angiosperms that have one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon
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Pollination?
The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules.
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Seed?
An adaptation of some terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along with a store of food within a protective coat.
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Chapter 31
Identify distinguishing charecteristics of fungi
Eukaryotes, consist of multicellular filaments or single cells (yeasts), no tissues or organs, have cell walls of chitin, heterotrophs, digest food externally then absorb it,
Saprophytes: live on dead organic matter
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Identify important economic and ecological roles of fungi
Principal decomposers of ecosystems, recycle nutrients, commercially important as food, in baking, in wine and beer production.
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Chapter 32
Describe destinguishing charecteristics of animals
Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, ingest their food, digest their food within their bodies, glycogen as energy storage molocule, no cell walls; collagen, muscle and nerve tissue-movement, development includes a blastula and gastrula, animals are diploid
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Chapter 32
Discuss the signifigance of true tissues, cephalization, body cavaties and symmetry
Symmetry determines the type of lifestyle (sessile or active), body cavaties provide space for organs, cephalization is important for movement
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Acoelomate?
No body cavaty, organs limited. Tend to have a limited gastrovascular cavity.
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Cephalization?
An evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equiptment on the anterior end of the body
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Coelomate?
Body cavity completely lined with mesoderm. Gut surrounded by muscle. Complete digestvie system.
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Pseudocoelomate?
Body cavity incompletely lined with mesoderm, but complete digestive system, organs present
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Symmetry?
Radially symmetrical animals are designed to lead inactive lives-they reamin stationary or drift with the ocean currents. Bilaterally symmetrical animals are designed to live active lives, or they prowl for food or other resources. Associated with cephalization; a trend toward concentrating the sensory equiptment on the anterior end where the animal is usually first to encounter food, danger, and other stimuli.
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Tissues?
An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both
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Chapter 34
What are the charecteristics or chordates?
Notochords, dorsal hollow nerve chords, pharyngeal slits or clefts, Muscular post-anal tail
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Chapter 34
What are the main charecteristics of the different vertabrate classes?
Backbone, cephalized, better developed lungs
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