-
what is the largest minority group in th US today?
Latino american
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African american are distinguished from the majority of american on the basis of...
color, their history of Slavery, and a negative social status.
-
the practice of systematically destroying a whole race is...
Genocide
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the best predictore of peoples earnings is their...
family background.
-
prverty cannot be solved by finding jobs for the adult poor population because.
many work but the pay is below poverty level.
-
people generally feel warmest toward people who are..
in their own social class.
-
the dominant group in society, according to conflict theorist is...
legitimates its power by developing an ideology
-
Labeling theory describes and analyzes..
how people define and interpret deviant acts
-
an extra Y chromosome in males is
commonly found in males who are not criminals.
-
relatice deprivation occurs when someone owns less than members of his or her
reference groups.
-
kristy hold a higher social position than her father, she has experienced...
intergenerational mobility and upward mobility.
-
the worth and valuse of the individual is...
learned in all societies.
-
research has shown that young people in th US today
spend more times with one another outside of school
-
effective social control depends largely on
self control and informal social controls
-
Any deviation from the norms of a society is considered deviant by those adopting a
statistical view
-
socialization is the process of
learning a culture, a language, and to walk and talk.
-
spitz's study of children in hospitals showed the difference between the foundling home and the nursing home to be
amount of social interation experienced by the child.
-
persons arrested for criminal act are disproportionetly
young adult males from a minority group.
-
the wild boy of aveyron probably had different ways of doing things becuase he...
learned different things when he lived in the wild.
-
isabelle was a young girl who has been isolated from brith and who...
developed physically and soccially only after she interacted with and was taught by others.
-
children develop slowly when they are isolated, according to sociologists, because they..
have not been stimulated in interaction.
-
role-taking is the term used by George Herbert Mean to describe
the process of figuring out how others will act.
-
cooley called the process of self development and awarnedd the
looking glass self.
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Young people are more likely to be deviant than older people because
they dont have as much to lose
-
the primary agency of socialization was
the family.
-
the most likely social explination for sex diffenentials in crime rates is...
girls are supervised more closely than boys
-
peer group socialization is becoming
more important.
-
schools teach
basic skills, competitive behavior, and self-discipline.
-
TV demands...
less imagination than reading.
-
behavior approprite to members of one's own sex is...
learned through socialization.
-
gender role socialization begins
at birth.
-
when driving our cars we stop at red lights, whether or not a cop is present this is a form of...
internalized social control.
-
inequity becomes stratification when it is institution and
based on membership in a status.
-
Deciance is
Behavior that violates norms.
-
Fear, ridicule, jail, and fines are all examples of
Sanctions.
-
Deviant behavior may vary
from time to time, place to place and culture to culture.
-
what is the primary ideology that justifies social stratification in the U.S.
the American Dream
-
Mertons theory of anomie refers to
a strain between culturally prescribed goals and ways of achieving them.
-
people who cannot conform to society's goals can..
retreat, follow the rules, and rebel.
-
according to Merton. _________ occurs when people accept society's goals goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them.
Innovation.
-
the process of changing one's social class is called.
social mobility.
-
who do sociologists classify females as a minority group.
women are discriminated against.
-
according to labeling theory, a person is not deviant untill he or she is..
labeled deviant by other people.
-
The most extreme form of racism is
genocide.
-
official statistics on crime
underreport crime.
-
most people do not behave in a devian way because
they have internalised the norms.
-
"having a conscience" assumes you have ...
internalized certain ideas about devient behavior.
-
industrial societies are more ____ than other societies.
Stratified.
-
Social clss, according to weber , is based on...
wealth and life chances to accumulare wealth.
-
Social Status refers to ...
Honor and pretige given by the communtiy.
-
income, education, and occupation are often used to obtain a measure of a persons.
socioecomomic status.
-
structural functional theoriests suggest that stratification occurs because
society has unequal need for different types of work.
-
conflict theorists suggest that stratification occurss because
individuals use coercion and exploitation to accumulate scarce resources.
-
sociologists generally agree that when stratification occurs there is....
a consensus that inequality is good fair anf just.
-
what term would mead use to refer to the norms, valus attidues and expectations of the public?
gerealized others
-
poverty is defined as
having less than necessary for food, shelter, and medical care.
-
the oppertunities a person has to improve his or her income and lifestyles is known as:
life chances.
-
if a society is ethnically stratified it has what elements
ethnocentrism, competition for scarce resources and un equal power
-
Racial groups are
socially defined based on selected biological characteristics.
-
ethnic groups are identified by
cultural characteristics with a consciousness of kind
-
minority groups are groups that
have less power fewr privileges than the majority group.
-
in his study of "authoritarian personality" Adorno founf that authoritarian personalitites
generally dislike and resist change, and are more inclined to be prejudices
-
Prejudices is reduced when,
people can meet in pleasant sircumstances.
-
discrimincation is an
action intended to exclude another group.
-
mead describes the active, creative and spontaneous part of the self as the
"I"
-
mead describes the socialized self as the
"me"
-
cultural pluralism occurs when variety of
racial and ethnic groups maintain their distinctive cultural patterns.
-
the minority group that has the lowest life ecpectancy, lowest school enrollment rates, and highest rate of alcoholism is/.are the
Native americans
-
affirmatice action originally meant to
seek out minorities and provide equal opportunity .
-
Social status is a
socially defined position of an individual in society
-
a set of expected behaviors
Social Role
-
sociologists study life to understand
the regular recurrent patterns in social life.
-
human behavior is to a large extent shaped by
social groups.
-
Ascribed status
assigned at birth
-
chosen or earned
achieved status.
-
role conflict occurs when..
2 or more statuses are incompatible
-
which variable do sociologists emphasize the most a being the determining motivation for our thinking and behavior
one's society and social location
-
what is the major differences between primary and secondary groups is their
size, amount of facetoface contact and extent of personal intimacy
-
social science is likely to have as its primary goal
the aquisition of knowledge.
-
in groups and out groups differ from each other in
the feeling of belonging
-
in groups tend to see out groups in..
Stereotypes
-
anthropology primarily studies...
society as a whole
-
peer groups are groups of people who are usually...
the same age.
-
psychology is primarily concerned with
individual mental processes and behavior.
-
reference groups are
groups of people identified with psychologically.
-
the fielnd in which the principles of the social sciences are applied to social problems is
Social work.
-
communication skills are best understood
sociologically.
-
sociology is useful in helping us understand ourselves
because we are social creatures.
-
father of sociology
Comte
-
social engineeing would most likely involve
changing social systems to meet new goals.
-
according to durhkeim, higher suicide rates are expected for those people who have a low level of
social intergration.
-
Marx believed that at the core of every society is
social conflict.
-
relative deprivation occurs when someone owns less than members of his or her
reference group.
-
what term does Durhkeim use to describe the degree to which members of a society are united by shared values and other social bonds
social integration.
-
Bureaucracies are characterized by
a hierarchical structure.
-
verstehen is a word used by Weber in discussing the importance of understanding the
Subjective meanings people have as they interact in society.
-
Goals are clearly stated in a
FORMAL ORGANIZATION
-
example of ________ is a driver signaling a right turn with his directional signals.
Social interaction.
-
Functions that are not intended or recognized are..
latent functions.
-
Explanations for a given phenomena are
theories.
-
the most common method of information gathering used by sociologists is the
Survey.
-
a position in society that is more importants than other in the status set is
a Master Status.
-
Norms that develop among a group of students living in the same dorm would most likely be the basis of an
idioculture.
-
Structural functional theory defines structure as any part of the ...
social system.
-
structural functional theory defines function as any purpose of the ...
social system.
-
Functions that are intended and recognized in a social system are
manifest functions.
-
to a sociologist culture is a society's
ideas, vaules, beliefs, and technology.
-
Marx based his conflict theory on the simple assumpiton that the organization if society is determined by its ____________ organization
economic.
-
contemporary conflict theorists believe that conflict is
a permanent feature of social life.
-
symbolic interaction theoru has a ________ orientation
microsociological
-
a disregaurd for history indicated
temporocentrism.
-
symbolic interaction theory allows us to
talk to ourselves, to others and stop at red lights.
-
groups that have values and norms differing in someways from those of the larger society are...
subcultures.
-
symbol of group identity, means of communication, and means of cultural maintenance is
Language.
-
when a groups norms and values are in serious conflict with those of the society of which it is a part, the group has characteristics of a
counterculture
-
the view that a society should be judged on its own terms, not in comparison with others, is called
cultural relativism.
-
the ability to see the intimate realities of our own lives in the context of common social structures is what Mills refers to as
the sociological imagination
-
the existence of culture is dependent on poeple's ability to create and understand
symbols.
-
the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggest that
societies with different languages perciece the world differently.
-
the variable that is affected by another is the
dependent variable
-
a preference for foreign imports is and example of
xenocentrism.
-
ethnocentrism can be functional for a society when
it builds conformity and cohesiveness.
-
the statement "age at marriage is negatively related to family size" is an example of
a hypothesis
-
Rules of conduct or social expectations for behavior are called
social norms.
-
people are said to be ________ when they believe the cultural groups they belong to sets the standards for all others.
ethnocentric
-
Mores
have punishment for violations
-
Folkways
dont have punishment for violations
-
cultural lag occurs when changes in technology occur more rapidly than changes in
Beliefs and values.
-
the control group is identical to the experimental groups except that the experiemental variable is
not introduced to the control group.
-
when the laws of the land do not reflect culturla mores the laws will be given
low priority in enforement.
-
conflict theorists maintain:
certain groups of held down by the rich and powerful, justice serves the rich but not poor, the powerful define what is deviant behavior.
-
as the size of groups increases
euqality among group members increases.
-
a small groups, informal group of people who interact in a personal direct and intimate way.
Primary group
-
group in which the members interact impersonally and have few emotional ties
secondary groups.
-
the view the one's own culture is superior to other and should be used as the standard against which other cultures are judged.
Ethocentism
-
the belief that cultures must be judged on their own terms rather then by the standards of another culture.
cultural relativism
-
formal and informal rules of conduct and social expectations for behavior.
Norms
-
norms of conduct of everyday life that bring only mild censure or punishment if they are violated.
Folkways.
-
Norms of conduct associated with stong feelings of right or wrong, violations of which bring intense reaction and some type of punishment
Mores
-
formal standardised expressions of norms enacted by legislative is to regulate certain types of behaviors
Laws
-
intended consequences of a social system
Manifest Functions
-
the unintended consequences of a social system
Latent Functions
-
as the size of a group increases _________ ______ change
communication patterns
-
the system of ideas values, beliefs, knowledge norms, customs, and technology shared by almost everyone in a particular society
Culture
-
a group of interacting who live in a specific geographical area, who are organized in a cooperactive manner and who share a common culture.
Society.
-
the ability to see how history and biography together influnce our lives
sociological imagination
-
the structures ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuated unequal rewards and power in a society
Stratification
-
differences between groups in wealth, status and power
Inequality
-
the biological and anatomical characteristics the differentiate males and females
Sex
-
a social status that refers to differences between sexes, specifically to differences in masculinity and feminitiy
gender
-
the statistical study of population, especially data on birth rates, death rates, marriages rates, health and migration
Demography
-
families in which two or more persons are related by blood marriage, or adoptions and who share a common residence
Nuclear Family
-
that which belongs to the realm of the everyday world, anything considered mundane and unspirital
Profane
-
involving objects and ideas that are treated with reverance and awe
Sacred
-
a family structure in which the husband dominates the wife
Patriarchal
-
a family structure in iwhch the wife dominated the husband
Matriarchal
-
the marriage of one man and one woman
Monogamy
-
the marriage of one man or woman to more than one person of the opposite sex at the same times
Polygamy
-
the marriage of one woman to more then one husband at the same time
Polyandry
-
the marriage of one man to more than one wife at the same time
polygyny
-
persons that one identifies with psychology and whose opinions are considered important
Sigificant others
-
the assumption that other people have similar attitudes, values, beliefs, and expectations.
Generalized others.
-
a group of kin united by blood, marriage, or adoption who share a commonresidence for somepart of their lives and assume reciprocal rights and obligation with reguard to one another
Family
-
an organized community of believers who hold certain things sacred and follow a set of beliefs ceremonies, or special behaviors
Religion
-
a measure of the rate at which people die
Mortality
-
a measure of the rate at which people are being born
Fertility
-
a socially defined group distinguished by selected inherited phsyical characteristics
RacialGroup
-
a group set apart from others b.c of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns, such as religion, language pr region or the country
Ethnic Group
-
a marriage norm requiring a person to marry someone from outside his or her own group
Exogamy
-
a marriage norm requireing a person to marry someone from his or her own group.
Endogamy
-
divorce factors
marrying young, have parents who divorced, and bearing a child before marriage.
-
Current World population
about 6.9 billion
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