PSYC 310 Ch. 11

Self-understanding begins with the arrival of _____ in the second year; continues to evolve throughout ____ and _____ into a rich, multifaceted view of the self

a building awareness that out body is a distinct entity (3 months)

this results from experiences with how their own actions cause predictble responses in others

to perceive yourself as a unique being

around the age of ______, toddlers began to rub their noses when viewing red dots on them in a mirror

self-recognition is well-established by age _________.

in 2-year-olds, a stronger sense of self-awareness leads to stronger assertions of _________.

2 year-olds stronger assertions of "Rights" are not signs of selfishness, but rather of a developing "selfhood", clarification of _________ between self and others.

Language Development permits children to _______.

Between 18 and 30 months the "______ self" emerges.

classification of the self according to salient ways in which people differ (e.g. size, shape, gender)

refers to one's private thoughts and imaginings

Children begin to refer to their own mental states after age ____.

coherent understanding of their own and others' rich mental lives

understanding of mental life is limited in that they think people always act according to their desires; do not yet understand the influence of beliefs on behaviors.

understanding that both beliefs and desires influence behavior

Factors that contribute to the development of a theory of mind:

the sum total of the abilities, attributes, and attitudes that you believe define who you are

Preschoolers' self-concepts are largely based on ______.

Children as young as _____ can demonstrate an appreciation for what makes them unique ("I don't like playing with that")

Between ages 8-11 self-discriptions begin to include _______ and _______, indicating greater cognitive maturity

Between ages 8-11, Mead argues the "self" develops as a _________.

a blend of what we imagine others think of us

Between the ages 8-11, children begin to include both positive and negative traits, due to their experiences with _________.

Adolescence begin to unify separate trits into ______.

In adolescence, pressure to present different selves to others leads to _____

at this age, they begin to use qualifiers, emphasize social virtues more, and develop a coherent narrative about self and others.

The self-concept is influenced by:

the judgements we make about our own worth and how we feel about those judgements

Why do children become self-evaluative as soon as the "categorical self" evolves?

At age _____, children begin to call others' attention to their achievements; they then smile or turn away, depending on the reaction they receive.

By age ____, emotions of pride and shame are linked to self-evaluation

preschoolers are not yet able to distinguish between their _____ and _____ selves, so they tend to overestimate their own abilities and underestimate the difficulties of tasks.

By the age of 6 or 7, these four distinct self-esteems have emerged:

Influences on self-esteem:

Warm, responsive parenting with reasonable expectations for behavior produces children who feel _____.

Parenting that is focused on punishment and coercion is related to feelings of _____

over-indulgent parenting creates a ______ sense of self-esteem.

Parental support that is conditional may cause kids to present ______

Parental support that is conditional may cause kids to present "false selves" which leads to _____

common explanations for the causes of beavior (judgements)

the tendency to persist at difficult tasks

Two attributional styles may be observed:

attributes success to ability and failure to lack of effor or task difficulty

What do mastery-oriented people act like?

attributes success to luck and failure to inability

What do learned helplessness people act like?

our organized concept of the self that includes the values and goals to which I am commited

the four identity statuses of James Marcia's Theory of Identity Statuses

committed to self-chosen goals after exploring options; produces a sense of well-being and knowing what lies ahead

in the process of explring options to try and identify values and goals; a "holding pattern" which may be stressful but is important

committed to values and goals without exploring options; may have adopted goals chosen by someone else, such as parents or teachers

neither committed to values and goals nor trying to achieve them; may never have considered options or found it too overwhelming

Moratorium and Achievement are healthy routes to maturity, leading to.....

Adolescents in Moratorium report ______ but are more _______ and ______ problem-solvers and decision-makers.

Long-term diffused adolescents leave things to _______ or demonstrate _____ attitudes.

at the root of long-term diffused adolescents is a sense of _____ about the future

because long-term diffused adolescents tend to "go along with others" they experience more academic more academic and time management problems and are more likely to.....

Foreclosed adolescents may be inflexible and intolerant; most are afraid of ______ by those on whom they depend for self-esteem.

Factors influencing identity formation:

There are cross-cultural differences in the search for identity. For example, teenagers who are members of minority groups may also experience stress relating to their developing ______ identity.

a sense of group membership and attitudes and feelings associated with that membership

Many teens form a ________ identity.

they explore and adopt values from both their subculture and the larger culture---and this ______ identity development.

Suicide is the _____ leading cause of death among American teens.

Teen suicide rates tripled between the ______.

Females attempt suicide ____ times more than males, but males complete suicide ___ times more commonly than females.
Why?

Caucasians have hiher suicide rates than African-American and Hispanics. However an increase is now being seen in African-American males. _____-Americans have the highest suicide rates.

Suicide risk factors include:

the way we size up people we know

Children as young as ___ or ____ have formed concepts about race or ethnicity based on skin color.

_______ emergences during the preschool years--children prefer their own group to all other groups, and this is cross-cultural.

By the early school years, children absorb _____ toward various social groups.

Out-group prejudices have been observed as young as age ____.

Like their self-descriptions, children's desciptions of others are concrete until the age of ____ or so.

Age of ____: desriptions are more abstract, and they have integrated personality characteristics into those comparisons.

Ages of ______: can provide rich character sketches of others that combine physical traits, typical behaviors, and inner dispositions.

the ability to imagine what others think or feel.

perspective taking is related to _______.

thinking about what someone else is thinking about

Complex forms of this are not mastered until mid-adolescence
e.g. A thinking that B is thinking about C thinking about D

Why are peer conflicts very important?

strategies that prevent or resolve disagreements and result in outcomes that are acceptable to all involved

applied the information processing approac to social problem solving and developed a circular model with 6 steps

6 steps of crick and dodge's Information Processing approach: