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hgienau
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Thrombosis CVA
- PATHO: a building up of a clot of atherosclerotic material on the inside of a blood vessel
- ONSET: Gradual onsiet.. may be TIA first
- EFFECTS: local may be les permanent damage
- RX: clot busters, Glucocorticoids
- PROGNOSIS: good
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Embolus CVA
- PATHO: a traveling clos that becomes lodged in a smaller vessel
- ONSET: Sudden
- EFFECTS: localized
- RX: clot buseters
- PROGNOSIS: good if local and only one embolus
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Hemorrhage CVA
- PATHO: hypertension, arterisoclerosis, Bleeding into the brain
- ONSET: sudden occurs with activity
- EFFECTS: widespread, severe often fatal
- RX: MRI, decrease ICP, Bed rest, surgery
- PROGNOSIS: not good more widespread
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Meningitis
- Cause: bacteria
- Predisposing Factors: weakened immune system, expsure to bacteria, existing infection
- Patho: microorganisms reach the brain via the blood from another site
- S&S: HA, back pain, photophobia, nuchal rigidity, vomiting, irritablility, lethargy, stuport, fever, chills
- Rx: aggressive antibiotics, in neonates increased risk of fatality
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Brain Abscess
- Localized infection often in the frontal or temporal lobes
- Results in increased ICP
- S&S: depend on teh exact location and extent of the increased pressure
- Rx: surgiacal drainage/ anitiotics
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Encephalitis
- Viral infection of the connective tissue of the brain, especially basal nuclei. Leads to inflammation and necrosis
- Cause: exposure to infected insects
- S&S depends on the location and extend of the necorsis
- Rx: anit-viral meds, supportive care
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Polio Syndrome
- A virus spread by direct contact in 1950's attacks motor neurons of spinal cord and medulla
- S&S: from minor flu symptoms to respiratory failure and paralysis, decrease reflexes, paralysis, imbalance or muscles
- Rx: supportive care
- Trearpy: muscle imbalance, movement problems, functional problems, avoid fatuge, resp & cardiac stress, Use of bracing and assistive devices
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Guilliane Barre' Syndrome
- Cause: idopathic
- Patho: inflammation of the PNS, demyelinization, axon dextrcion
- Stages: acute, stable, recovery
- Onset: LE-trunk-UE from distal to proximal
- Recovery: reverse order
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Most common sites for Spinal Cord Injury
C3, C6, C7, T10-T12
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Neurological Level
- Lowest level of NORMAL sensory and motor funcion
- Complete injury
- Incomplete injury
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Central Cord Syndrome
- Walking Quad
- Lesion usually incervial Region
- Greater UE weakness then LE
- Occures in delder due to narrowing of stenotic changes or hyperextension injury
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Anterior Cord Syndrome
- Variable motor and sensory
- Preserved dorsal columns
- Intact proprioception
- Anterior Spinal Artery Stroke
- Flexion Injury
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Brown Sequard Syndrome
- Hemi
- Secion of the anterior or posterior cord
- Knife wound
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Conus Medullaris Syndrome
- Injury to sacral and lumbar nerve roots
- Areflexic bladder, bowel and decreased sexual function
- Motor impairment of LE's with out sensory Impairment
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Hypo/hypertheriam
- disruption of ANS pathway from hypothalmus
- Pt is easily too hot/ too cold
- Increases risk of heat stroke
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Sexual Disfunction
- many males can reflex erections but do not ejaculate
- womena resume mentrual cycle and can conceive. high risk pregnancy
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Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
- Definition: a SNS disorder tat occurs at site of injury or trauma usually in the UE or LEs pina and swelling
- Cause: traum, post op, neuro or medical conditions, iatrogenic or idiopathic
- Effects: SNS produces n excessive or abnormal repsonse viscious cycle of pain & swelling
- S&S buring pain, muscle spasm, softening of bone joint tenderness or stiffness, hypersensitivity to touch
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Acute RSD
- onse of severe, burning pain, hyperaethesia, localized edema, muscle spams, stiffness, and limited mobility
- Faster than normal nail and hair growth
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Subactue RSD
- pain is even more severe and diffuse, hair becomes scant, nails become brittle, spotty osteoporisis, join inflammation, muscle wasting
- 3-12 months
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Chronic RSD
- Marked trophic changes become irreversible
- aptrophy if the muscles
- bone deossification has become marked and siffue
- contractures and deromity develop
- pale dry
- can spread
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Neuropathy
- disease of the nerves
- Causes: diabetes, alcoholism/drug abuse, decrease diet, orther nutritional disorders
- S&S: motor and sensory or both
- Medical Management: manage cause
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Neuropraxia
- Mild stretch or compression injury
- Myelin layer damaged
- Condtion is reversible
- Recovery is excellent in a matter of days
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Axonotmesis
- Meylin and axon are damaged
- Degeneration occures distal to lesion
- Condition is reversible
- Prognosis is good
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Neurotmesis
- Significan damge to fasciculus and pernerium
- Prognosos for motor is ore
- sensory recovery is poor
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Radial Nerve Injury
- wrist drop and extensor paralysis of wrist forearm and fingers
- Unable to graps objects adequately or make a fist
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Median Nerve Injury
- Ape hand
- hand inclines to the ulnar side
- unable to oppose flex thumb and indes finger
- decreased grip in thum indes middle finger
- loss of pinch, precision grip
- Loss of sensation and function
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Ulnar nerve injury
- claw hand
- unable to extend PIP, DIP of any finger
- weak wrist flexion
- unable to adduct thumb
- decreased sensation of 5th and ring finger
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