intro zoonoses

• Ticks
• Lice
• Fleas
• Mosquitoes
• Flies

• Carriers
• Doesn't have to be an animal; is anything that can carry dzs, including cleaning equipment

• Acute viral dzs (start to see symptoms & signs in less than 24 hours)
• Affects many animals, including man and birds, but not dogs

Everywhere on the body and mucous membranes

Bound to the skin

Don't need to treat them; they go away naturally

• Inhalation and skin contact
• Also thru biting arthropods (anything with 8 legs)

Only one that has officially been eradicated from the world, but it remains in only 2 places; the CDC in Georgia and in Russia

Species specific only

• Rare disease that occurs in Central Africa
• Can affect African squirrels, rats, mice, rabbits, and prairie dogs
• Most people are introduced to monkey pox thru prairie dogs at zoos

• Yellow Fever
• Hanta virus
• Korean Hemorrhagic Fever
• Marburg virus
• Ebola

• In primates
• Mosquitoes are vectors for the virus
• Called yellow because it breaks down the the liver causing Jaundice, which turns nails and the whites of the eyes yellow
• Types: Jungle (severe) and Urban (milder)

• New World primates (have prehencile tails) and rodents
• Rats and mice are the primary vectors
• Most are confined to the Western US, but there are occasions in Asia and South America every day
• Syndromes: Cardiopulmonary (heart and lungs)

• Old World type of primate
• Rodent vector
• A form of Hanta virus
• Causes kidney/renal syndrome
• It's a little easier to treat

• Marburg and Ebola are very similar to each other
• Found primarily in non-human primates
• Bats are also carriers of Marburg
• Very fatal: the cells break down and you hemorrhage out

• LCM or LCMV
• From wild mice and pet hamsters
• Through contact with animal, tissues, bedding, and urine
• Can be aerosolized
• Only latent mouse virus infecting humans; a mouse could have it and we would never know it until it was too late
• Passed in utero; dangerous to pregnant women

Humans transmit it to monkeys

• In primates
• Humans carry Hep. C (caused by needle sticks)
• Once we get it, we can't get rid of it, only control/contain it

Non-Human primates carry Herpes B and humans carry Herpes A. If transmitted to each other, it will kill us

• Carried by mosquitoes
• Kills birds
• Zoos are constantly worried about it
• Can affect man, horses, dogs, cats, bats, chipmunks, squirrles, etc.

• Asymptomatic: No signs of symptoms
• Fever: Flu-like symptoms
• Ensephalitis: Affects the brain; usually results in death if it gets that far
• 100:30:1 - For every 100 people who get asymptomatic phase, 30 will get Fever phase, and 1 will get Ensephalitis phase

• H5N1
• Kills the elderly, young, and people with incompetent immune systems
• It starts to destroy your heart for people with weak immune systems

• Central Nervous System (CNS) is affected
• Shed in saliva 1-14 days before signs appear
• 2 types: Furious (aggressive behavior; what you see in movies; foaming at the mouth) and Paralytic (rapid paralysis and death. also known as "dumb" form)
• Not treatable once signs appear, so get vaccinated
• Worldwide epidemic
• Affects many carnivorous animals

• Rabies
• Geographically confined; Eastern US: raccoons, Midwest: skunks, and Western US: coyotes and foxes
• No cat to cat transmission. Transmission of rabies is almost always thru bites but can also get thru an infected animals lick

• Long and variable
• It starts to grow and replicate in muscle cells
• Takes about a week to establish itself, but symptoms might not show for a long time
• Once symptoms show, it's usually too late
• It will go to the nearest nerve ending. Takes a mm a day to climb up the nerves to the CNS, then to the spine, then the spinal cord and eventually the brain
• Rabies doesn't affect the body until it hits the brain
• Most animals are dead within a week (5 days) of getting rabies

• Retrovirus
• Originated in monkeys in Africa
• Chimps and monkeys cannot get our form of HIV
• HIV is very common in third world countries
• Most mammal species have an equivalent; most similar to humans is FIV in cats

Intracellular parasite

• Infectious particle phagocitized by host cell
• Particle not killed, organizes into larger particle (vegetated state)
• Divides and multiplies, filling phagosome
• Particles released, infect new cells

• Respiratory infection from birds
• Most common in birds like parrots
• If your bird become infected, you can get it from them

Fastidious intracellular parasites

• Local replication, then goes into circulation; initial symptoms
• Invades endothelial cells, destroys them, causes inflammatory respiratory rash

• Q Fever
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

• Coxiella burnetti
• In sheep, goats, cattle; often no signs
• In humans: aerosol causes fever, endocarditis, no rash

• Rickettsia rickettsii
• Carried by ticks (April-September are the high season for ticks)
• Spreading rash on palms and soles of feet, may cause death if left untreated
• Most common type in US
• Slow recovery with treatment
• The key to these diseases is early treatment

• Transmitted by lice and fleas
• Seen in crowded, dirty conditions

• Epidemic typhus
• Murine typhus
• Trench fever

• Spread by body lice
• Most common form
• If left untreated, will lead to Brill-Zinsser disease

• Endemic disease
• Always somewhere in the world
• Transmitted through fleas who have bitten rats

• Body lice
• Mostly seen in soldiers
• Tolkien and Lewis both has this form

• Systemic: infects the entire body
• Types: brucellosis, leptospirosis

• Causes infertility and abortion in animals
• Man is an accidental host, so cattle are vaccinated for it

• Shed in urine of many animals, especially rabbits
• Infects people who boat and /or swim (especially dogs) in contaminated water
• Sometimes a problem for dogs who roam free or hunt rabbits

• Bacterial disease
• Yersinia pestis (bubonic plague)
• Transmission: carried by rat fleas to man, man to rat, and man to man
• There are over 2000 cases each year
• Very common in parts of Western US because of the dry conditions, which fleas thrive on

• Bubonic (lymph nodes swell)
• Pneumonic (invades lungs)
• Septicemic (in the blood)

• Bacterial disease
• Borrelia burgdorferi
• Carried by ticks, often deer ticks
• Affects humans and animals
• Spreading bullseye rash, joint pain, fever, fatigue, malaise (run down)

• Respiratory infection
• M. bovis (cattle), M. avium (birds), M. tuberculosis (humans) M=Micobacterium
• Chronic, debilitating, 1 year treatment
• TB is the reason that primates were put behind glass in zoos; to protect them from getting TB from us

• Respiratory infection
• Bacillus anthracis (spores)

• Cutaneous: Most common form
• Enteric: GI tract form; vomiting and diarrhea
• Inhaled: Severe, often fatal; spore forming, the one that everyone fears

• Enteric infection
• Most commonly isolated enteric pathogen
• Infects just about every species on the planet
• Causes severe, watered-down diarrhea

• Enteric infection
• Causes Typhoid fever
• Many animals carry it
• Very common in horses; they dehydrate and can die within 24 hours

• Enteric infection
• Dysentary
• Only in primates and humans
• 4 different serogroups and types

• Dermatophytosis
• Erysipelas
• Listeria
• Impetigo
• Tuleremia
• MRSA

• Ringworm, athlete's foot, and other fungal infections
• Occurs in hair, nails, skin, feathers, etc.
• Occurs in almost every animal
• Cats and dogs get it as well, but you would never know unless they had any form of hair loss

• Immune deficiency; affects diabetics and alcoholics
• It causes skin ulcerations and impairs lymphatic drainage
• Streptococcus

• Commonly found in water, food, soil, etc.
• Causes fever, muscle aches, nausea, neck pain and if left untreated, severe headaches
• Listeria monocytogenes: very common in sheep and goats

• "school sores" - found in a lot of school aged children and in contact sports
• Staphylococcus aureus or S. pyogenes

• Rabbits
• Francisella tularensis

• Methacyllin Resistant Staphyllococcus Aurus
• Eats away at your skin
• Can colonize and invade your respiratory tract
• Gets into your blood stream via open wounds
• Common in diabetics and IV drug users

• Protozoa infection
• From infected cats, shed in their feces
• Inhaled or ingested
• Problem for pregnant women; causes many abortions and still births. Affects pigs, sheep, goats, etc.
• Symptoms: Muscle aches that may last a month or more, swollen lymphnodes, flu-like symptoms
• Treated with antibiotics

• Protozoa infection
• In most mammals, birds, and reptiles
• Get from contaminated water
• Very contagious
• In healthy hosts, it runs its course
• Old or young may die when infected
• Can be passed from person to person and animal to animal

• Protozoa infection
• Most common are Intestinalis and Duodenli
• Carried by most wild animals
• Shed in feces; contaminates water
• "camper's diarrhea"
• May be hard to diagnose because it mimics other things
• Usually runs its course in about 6 weeks
• Consider all lakes and streams contaminated; can also get it in pools, hot tubs, jacuzzis, fountains, etc.
• Causes intense abdominal pains, gas, bloating, headaches, diarrhea, nausea, distended abdomen, etc.

Most common species: rats, mice, cats, monkeys

• Strep. Moniliformis
• Fevers, aches, polyarthritis
• Treated with penicillin

• Pasturella multocida
• Causes local abscess
• Not the same as cat scratch fever: cat scratch is benign

• BSE: bovine spongiform encephalitis; mad cow disease - fatal if ingested
• Scrapie (in sheep)
• CJD: human form
• CWD: deer (chronic wasting disease)
• All affect CNS and all are fatal
• No treatment for any of them; basically on pain meds. until death

• Disease surveillance
• Sanitation
• Personal hygiene: most important
• Monitor personal health: routine check ups
• Proper caging and air flow
• Vaccinations: DTP (Diphtheria Typhus Pertussis)