Anatomy

• 1 - Fibrous (synarthroses): intervening tissue is merely fibrous connective tissue
• 2 - Cartilaginous (amphiarthroses): intervening tissue is cartalige
• 3 - Synovial (diarthroses): intervening tissue is synovial fluid

• Fibrous
• formed by 2 bones whose articulating surfaces are serrated; immovable; located only in the skull

ex: sagittal suture

Fibrouse

fibrous joint in whiche the intervening connective tissue is of greater amount than that in a suture; slightly movable; located between 2 bones of the forearm and 2 bones of the leg

ex: radioulnar syndesmosis

cartilaginous

joint in which intervening tissue is hyaline cartilage; immovable; located between epiphysis and disphysis of growing bone: temporary condition

ex: epiphyseal disc

cartilaginous

joint in which interveing tissue is fibrocartilage; slightly movable

• ex: between adjacent vertebral bodies: intervertebral discs
• - between right and left pubic bones: interpubic disc

• intervening tissue is synovial fluid; ends of articulating bones covered by articular cartilage
• - layer of hyaline cartilage and avascular
• - lacks nerves
• - radiolucent (cannot be seen)

synovial fluid derived from blood

encapsulated synovial joint

• connects two bones and encircles it, thus enclosing synovial cavity; 2 layers
• - 1 - outer fibrous layer: continuous with the periosteum of bone
• - 2 - inner layer: synovial membrane, vascular and produces synovial fluid, lubricates joint and nourishes articular cartilage

bending of a joint so that the angle becomes more acute

straightening of a flexed joint

movement in the frontal plane away from median plane

movement in the front plane toward median plane

combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

moving dorsum of foot away from anterior leg

moving dorsum away from anterior leg

moving lateral surface superiorly

moving medial surface superiorly

• - shape of articulating surfaces
• - ligaments and capsule at the joint
• - muscles that act on the joint

search for knowledge

subdivision of biology that is concerned with the functioning of the body

it attempts to explain the physical and chemical processes that occur in the body

subdivision of biology that is concerned with the structure or morphology of the body

• Anatomy (Greek)
• ana = apart
• tomy = cut

• Dissect (Latin)
• dis = apart
• sectare = cut

study of cells

• kytos = cells
• logos = knowledge of

study of tissues

histo = tissue

study of structure visible with the naked eye

study of the surface structures

embryology

development of the body prior to birth

comparing human structure to that of other animals

use of radiation to visualize internal body structure

study of tissue that departs from the normal and thus is diseased

smallest unit of living matter and the characteristic building block of all plant and animal tissues

collection of cells of similar structure and function

consists of one of more tissues blended in such a way as to form a structure, which can perform one function or related functions

consists of one or more organs that act together in performing a major function of the body

composed of the 12 organ systems

according to the natural subdivisions of the body

head, neck, thorax, abdomen, back, trunk, upper limb, etc.

according to the major body systems

collections of organs that perform related functions

heart, blood vessels

transports nutrients and oxygen to cells, removes waste molecules that are excreted from the body

lymphatic vessels, nodes, supporting lymphocytes, and the lymphoid organs

protects body from disease by purifying fluid

involves white blood cells that produce antibodies

trachea, bronchi, lungs, and other respiratory pathways

conducts air, brings oxygen into the lungs, and takes carbon dioxide out

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

receives food and digests it into nutrient molecules, which enter the cells

kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra

rids the body of nitrogenous wastes and helps regulate the fluid level and chemical content of the blood

skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, subcutaneous tissue

provides support and protects underlying tissues, helps regulate body temperature, contains receptors

bones of the skeleton

form and stature, attachment for muscles

movement of the body

joints

movement of the body

brain, spinal cord, nerves

conducts nerve impulses to muscles and glands and receive impulses

hormones

secretes chemicals that serves as messengers between body parts, maintains proper functioning of reproductive organs

reproductive organs

reproduce

refers to the position the body must be in when using anatomical planes and terms of references

• body longitudinal
• upper limbs by side
• eyes forward
• palms forward
• toes torward

Midsaggital

vertbral plane passing through the body, dividing it into equal right and left parts

any vertical plane that parallels the median plane and divides the body into unequal right and left parts

coronal

any vertical plane at a right angle to the median plane that divides the body into front and back parts

transverse

any plane at a right angle to both the median and frontal planes that divides the body into upper and lower parts

near median plane

farther away from median plane

ventral

front

dorsal

back

cephalic

near head

caudal

near tail

near attached end of limb

farther away from attached end of limb

near center of organ or cavity

farther from center of organ or cavity

near body surface

farther from body surface

lying on back

belly up

lying on front

back up

system of body composed of the skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue, skin = largest organ, 15% of body weight

protection of underlying tissues; acts as a site of sensory nerve receptors (pain, heat, cold, touch, pressure); regulation of body temperature; water excretion; formation of vitamin D, which is essential for calcium absorption from the foods we eat

• - skin: 2 layers: epidermis and dermis
• - both layers lie on an underlying layer called the subcutanous tissue
• - thickest skin = back (1/2 cm)
• - thinnest skin = eyelid (1/2 mm)

outermost layer of skin composed of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium; avascular but contains nerve receptors and nerve endings; deepest layers have cells that undergo mitosis and migrate to outermost layers, where they become desiccated, convert to keratin and eventually slough off; 30 day for cell birth --> slough; epithelium constantly regenerating; deeper layers = melanocytes -> melanin

pigment responsible for skin color and also protects the individual from the harmful effects of UV light

very thick on palms and soles

forms papillary ridges that occur in characteristic patterns (finger/toe prints)

deep to epidermis composed of a dense irregular connective tissue which does contain both blood vessels and nerves; 80% of the thickness of the skin (20% is epidermis); many collagen fibers, sweat glands, and hair follicles

deep to dermis and is made of loose connective tissue with an abundance of adipose cells; blood vessels and cutaneous nerves course through it on their way to the dermis; adipose tissue is more abundant in females than males and provides insulation, conserves body heat and acts as shock absorber

• derived from the epidermis and growing down into the dermis and subcutaneous tissue
• - contains hairs, which form by follicle cells undergoing mitosis
• - when a follicle becomes inactive, the hair it produces becomes lost

oil-producing glands that result from disintegration of some gland cells

duct passes that oily secretion, called sebum into the neck of the hair follicle

smooth muscles attached to hair follicles and the epidermal-dermal junction

contraction due to cold weather causes the hairs to stand erect and traps a layer of air within hairs, which acts as an insulator to keep body heat inside the body

have their secretion part in the dermis and their ducts passing through the epidermis to open at pores on the skin surface

sweat is water and NaCl and cools the body as it evaporates

protective structures of hard keratin located at the tips of fingers and toes

forms a solid framework around which the body is built

composed of bones and cartilage; solid framework of body (supports); attachment for skeletal muscles; protection of certain vital organs (brain by skull, heart by thoracic cage); manufacture certain blood cells: hemopoiesis (bone marrow); storage of certain chemical substances

bone in which the length exceeds the width and is characterized by having a medullary (marrow) canal

humerus

bone in which the length equals the width

carpal bones

bone expanded into one plane

scapula

bone that does not fit into any of the other 3 categories

vertebrae

• part of the skeleton that occupies the central axis of the body
• - skull and hyoid (23)
• - vertebral column (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacrum, coccyx = 26)
• - ribs and sternum (12 pairs and sternum = 25)
• - bones of middle ear (6)

comprises the appendages

• upper limb = 64
• lower limb = 62

bone located in tendons

pathological bone formation

the 2 ends of a long bone, which are wider than the shaft and take part in the formation of a joint

shaft of a long bone

• bone laid down in concentric layers making it appear solid
• 1 - this type of bone forms the outer surface of all bones
• 2 - it's thicker in the diaphysis and thinner at the epiphysis

composed of very thin plates of bone that meet other plates of bone at various angles, leaving spaces between them

found in epiphysis

• connective tissue sheath composed of 2 layers
• 1 - outer layer: tough fibrous layer that serves as a place of insertion for muscle tendons
• 2 - inner layer: delicate cellular layer responsible for producing growth in the diameter of the bone

thin cellular layer found lining the medullary cavity and cavities of spongy bone

primary function is to destroy bone, thus allowing for growth in the diameter of the marrow cavity, which prevents bone from becoming too solid and heavy as it increases in size

marrow

cavity running the length of the diaphysis that contains either red marrow (which actively form blood cells); yellow marrow (does not form blood cells but develops numerous fat cells) or combinations of the two

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface of each epiphysis

resilency of this material cushions the joint during movement

• connects together the twon bones and completely encircles the joint, thus enclosing a cavity that is called the joint cavity or synovial cavity
• - outer fibrous layer: continuous with the periosteum of bone
• - inner layer: lines the inside of the fibrous layer
• - aka synovial membrane, vascular, produces synovial fluid, lubricates joint, nourishes cartilage

in embryo of a growing child it is a cartilaginous plate located at the junction of epiphysis and diaphysis that allows for growth in the length of bone

disc not present when growth is complete

spongy bone tissue located at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphyseal disc

in the adult, the bony tissue of the metaphysis is continuous with the epiphysis

• softer than bone, some degree of flexibility
• - tough connective tissue, which is composed of cells embedded in a firm, gel-like intercellular substance
• - lacks nerves and blood vessels
• - nutrients diffuse through intercellular substance
• - entire embyro skeleton is initiall cartilage, but it is replaced by bone during growth (ossification)
• - classification via histologic appearance of the intercellular disc

glassy, translucent appearance

• epiphyseal discs - responsible for growth in length
• articular cartilages - two bones meet each other
• costal cartilage - between ribs and sternum
• larynx, trachea, and bronchi - respiratory system
• nasal cartilages

interpubic disc (symphysis pubis)

intervertebral discs (between adjacent vertebrae)

auricle - part of external ear (pinna)

auditory tube - connects ear and pharynx

epiglottis - flap that keeps food from entering lungs

1-7

attaches to sternum via its own costal cartilage

8-12

attaches to sternum NOT its own costal cartilage

11 and 12

doesn't attach to sternum

refers to connection between components of the skeletal system