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CIRCULAR ANATOMY
Consists of:
- Heart
- Lungs
- Blood Vessels
- Red Blood Cells
- Plateletes
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RED BLOOD CELLS
Have hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen
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PLATELETES
form foundation of blood clots.
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CORONARY ARTERIES
Provide circulation to the heart. Supplies blood and oxygen to heart muscles.
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CONDUCTION SYSTEM
Generates action impulse by contracting.
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CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
ANGINA PECTORIS
- Chest pain,
- Pressure
- Discomfort
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DRUGS TO TREAT CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)
Increase blood flow to the heart muscle.
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CORONARY VASODILATORS- NITRATES
NYTROGLYCERIN
tablets, sprays, ointment
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HEART FAILURE
The ability of the heart to provide circulation of blood to meet the oxygen and nutrient requirements of the body.
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CAUSES OF HEART FAILURE
- Damage from heart attack
- Uncontrolled hypertension
- Valve failure
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SYMPTOMS OF HEART FAILURE
Mostly due to fluid retention
- Shortness of breath
- Difficiulty breathing (Dyspnea)
- Ankle swelling
- Chest Discomfort
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TREATMENT FOR HEART FAILURE
DIURRETICS
Decrease fluid accumulation in the lungs. furosemide (Lasix) IV for emergencies PO= daily intake
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TREATMENT FOR HEART FAILURE
3 TYPES
- Diuretics
- Inotropic Agents
- Beta Blockers
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TREATMENT FOR HEART FAILURE
INOTROPIC AGENTS
- Increase heart muscle contraction.
- digoxin (Lanoxin)
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TREATMENT FOR HEART FAILURE
BETA BLOCKERS
Improve heart performance
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HYPERTENSION
High blood pressure
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HYPERTENSION CAUSES
90% is essential hypertension. -No known cause. CENTERED IN KIDNEY.
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HYPERTENSION CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
- Obesity
- Hereditary (30%)
- Lifestyle (Smoking)
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Strokes caused by
Blood Clots
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Heart Attacks caused by
Plaque
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HYPERTENSION RANGE
140/90
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ANTIHYPERSENSITIVE AGENTS
- Diretics
- Beta Blockers
- ACE inhibitors
- Vasodilators
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THIAZIDE DIURETICS
hydrochorothiazide (Hydroddiuril)
First line of treatment for hypertension.
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Beta Blockers
metroprolol (Lopressor)
Gererally well tolerated
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ANTIOGENISM CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE)
enalepril (Vasotec)
SE's: Dry cough
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BETA BLOCKERS
Improve heart contractionn rhythm.
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VASODILATORS
hydralazine (Apresoline)
IV or PO
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ANTIARRYTHMIC AGENTS
Beta Blockers
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BETA ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
Inhibit beta adrenergic receptors in the heart muscle.
SE's: Bradychardia, hypotension
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CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
Blocks calcium action in heart muscle. Which decreases irritability.
SE's: Bradychardia, with heart block
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PROCAINAMINE
Effective oral antiarrythmic
SE's: Hypotension, allergic reations
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ANTILLIPEMIC AGENTS
Lipemia= Elevated fat levels in the blood.
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STATIN DRUGS
Used to lowere cholesterol.
Inhibit cholesterol production in the liver.
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ANTICOAGULANTS
Prevent the formation of blood clots.
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warfarin (Sodium) (Coumadin)
- Oral drug- onset slow but duration is long.
- Monitored with bloodtesting.
- Antidote to overdose is Vitamin K
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ANTICOAGULANTS
HEPARIN
- Cannot be absorbed GI
- Given SubQ or IV
Uses: Diluted and used to flush IV's to keep them from clottting.
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ANTICOAGULANTS
ENOXAPARIN (Lovenox)
SubQ injection, more rapid acting &safer than coumadin.
Blood monitoring not neccessary.
SE's: Beuising at injection site.
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PLATELET INHIBITOR THERAPY
Gentler way to prevent blood clots.
uSED TO PREVENT HEART ATTACKS AND STROKES.
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PLATELET INHIBITOR THERAPY
2 TYPES
aspirin- risk of GI side effect
clopidogrel- (Plavix) For coronary artery disease, very effective, Few SE's
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THROMBOLYTIC AGENTS
- Dissolve blood clots.
- Lifesaving treatment for acute MI & stroke.
- Must be given w in 2-4 hrs of onset of symptoms.
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STREPTOKINASE
- Extremely dangerous.
- Given only in ICU or ER settings
SE's: massive bleeding
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