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Temporalis
- Origin: Temporal fossa and fascia
- Insertion: Coronoid process of the mandible and anterior edge of ramus
- Actions: elevates and retracts mandible
- NR
- S (primarily)
- Palpate east to west
- Confirmation: Bite down
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Masseter
- Origin: Zygomatic arch
- Insertion: Angle and ramus of mandible
- Actions: Elevates mandible; may assist to protract mandible
- NR
- B- deep to itself
- Palpate east to west
- Confirmation: clench teeth
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Spinalis
- Most medial
- Origin: Thoracolumbar aponeurosis, SPs of upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae, Ligamentum nuchae
- Insertion: Ascending SPs except C1
- Bilateral action: Extends the head and spine
- Unilateral actions: ipsilateral lateral flexion of neck and trunk (bending side to side)
- Nonropy
- Deep to trap, lats, and part of longissimus
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Longissimus
- Dense, feels ropy
- Origin: Thoracolumbar aponeurosis; TVPs thoracic region
- Insertion: Ascending TVPs, mastoid process
- Bilateral action: extends head and spine (primary)
- Unilateral actions: ipsilateral lateral flexion of neck and trunk; ipsilateral rotation of head and neck
- Nonropy
- Deep to traps and lats
-
Iliocostalis
- Very flat and broad
- Origin: Thoracolumbar aponeurosis; iliac crest
- Insertion: Ascending rib to rib; loweral cervical TVPs (ends by medial border of the scap)
- Bilateral action: extends the spine
- Unilateral actions: Ipsilateral lateral flexion of neck and trunk (where it crosses C7); ipsilateral rotation of neck
- Nonropy
- Deep to trap and lat
-
Splenius Capitis
- Origin: Inferior one-half of ligamentum nuchae; SPs C7 - T4
- Insertion: Lateral nuchal line of the occiput; mastoid process of temporal bone
- Bilateral action: extends head and neck
- Unilateral action: ipsilateral rotation of head and neck; ipsilateral lateral flexion of head and neck
- Nonropy
- Both; deep to trap and superficial on upper lateral neck
-
Trapezius
- Origin- EOP, medial portion of the superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, SPs of C7 - T12
- Insertion- Lateral portion of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula (same as origins of deltoid)
- 3 separate muscle bellies
- Upper bilateral- extends head and neck
- Upper unilateral- laterally flexes, rotates head and neck to contralateral side, upwardly rotates scapula, elevates scapula
- Middle trap- Adducts scap, stabilizes scap
- Lower trap- Depresses scap, upwardly rotates
- NR, S
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Rhomboids
- Origins: Major- SPs of T2-T5; Minor- SPs of T1 and C7
- Insertion: medial border of the scapula between the spine and inferior border
- Actions: adduction of the scap (primary), elevation and downward rotation of the scap
- NR; deep to trapezius
-
Levator Scapula
- Origin: TVPs of C1 - C4
- Insertion: Medial border of the scapula, between the superior angle and above the spine of the scap
- Actions: Unilaterally- Elevates scap (primary), downwardly rotates, laterally flexes the head and neck, rotates head to same side (ipsilaterally); bilaterally- extends head and neck
- NR; Both- deep at origin and insertion
-
Pectoralis Minor
- Origin- ribs 3, 4 and 5
- Insertion- Coracoid process of scap
- Actions- Depresses scap, abducts scap, downwardly rotates scap, assists in forced inspiration
- NR; deep
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SCM
- Origins: Sternal head- superior manubrium; clavicular head- medial third of superior clavicle
- Insertions: Mastoid process of temporal bone; lateral superior nuchal line of occiput (same as splenius capitis)
- Bilateral actions: neck flexion, assists to elevate the ribs in inhalation
- Unilateral actions: ipsilateral lateral flexion of head; contralateral roation of head
- Ropy at manubrium
- Superficial
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Anterior Scalenes
- Origin: TVPs of C3 - C6
- Insertion: First rib
- Bilateral actions: Elevates ribs during forced inhalation; neck flexion
- Unilateral actions: ipsilateral lateral neck flexion; contralateral cervical rotation
- Nonropy
- Both- deep to SCM
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Middle Scalenes
- Origin: TVPs of C2 - C7
- Insertion: First rib
- Bilateral actions: Elevates ribs during forced inhalation
- Unilateral actions: ipsilateral lateral neck flexion; contralateral cervical rotation
- Nonropy
- Both- deep to SCM (clavicular head)
-
Posterior Scalenes
- Origin: TVPs of C6 - C7
- Insertion: Second rib
- Bilateral actions: Elevates ribs during forced inhalation
- Unilateral actions: ipsilateral lateral neck flexion; contralateral cervical rotation
- Nonropy
- Both- deep to SCM
-
Rectus Abdominis
- Origin: Pubic crest, pubic symphysis
- Insertion: Cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process
- Action: Flexion of the trunk (insertion to origin); tilts pelvis posteriorly (origin to insertion)
- Nonropy
- Superficial
-
Quadratus Lumborum
- Origin: Posterior iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament
- Insertion: 12th rib, TVPs L1- L4
- Bilateral actions: assists in trunk extension, fixes 12th rib during respiration
- Unilateral actions: Ipsilateral lateral flexion of trunk (insertion to origin), elevation of hip (origin to insertion)
-
External Oblique
- Origin: External surface of lower 8 ribs
- Insertion: Anterior iliac crest and abdominal aponeurosis
- Bilateral action: Flexion of trunk
- Unilateral actions: ipsilateral lateral flexion of the trunk, contralateral rotation of the trunk
-
Internal Oblique
- Origin: Lateral inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar aponeurosis
- Insertion: Cartilage of lower 3 ribs, abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba
- Bilateral action: flexion of the trunk and compresses the abdominal contents
- Unilateral action: ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation of the trunk
- Nonropy
- Deep to external oblique
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