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Wilhelm Wundt and the 1st Psychology laboratory
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Difference between psychologists and psychiatrists
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Independent vs. Dependent variables
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Correlational Coefficients: what the numbers and signs indicate
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Experiments: placebo, control group
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Normal bell-shaped distribution curve
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Reuptake process of neurons
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Endocrine system: hormones role
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Oldest to newest parts of brain development
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REM sleep changes over the course of the night
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Stages of prenatal development: germinal (zygote), embryonic (embryo), fetal (fetus)
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Time when the heart begins beating during prenatal development
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Piaget’s stages of cognitive development: know highlight of each stage, object permanence,
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Harlow monkey experiment results
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Physical developmental changes: puberty, what influences the timing of puberty, primary vs. secondary sex characteristics
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Physical development: Early adulthood
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Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development
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Personality becomes stable during what stage
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Classical conditioning: know the terminology, the process and what increases its effectiveness
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Little Albert study and emotional conditioning
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Stimulus generalization and discrimination
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Operant conditioning: know the terminology and process
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Way reinforcement and punishment effect behavior
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Reinforcement: 4 schedules of reinforcement (fixed)
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Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation
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Types of memory: Short-term, Working Memory (capacity and times limits of each)
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Ebbinghaus’ theory of forgetting
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Definition of Intelligence
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Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is what?
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Understand the distribution of scores in a normal distribution (what it looks like)
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Understand test standardization
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Sternberg’s theory of intelligence
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IQ changes across the lifespan and effects on intelligence
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What is the availability heuristic
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Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
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Master’s and Johnson’s sexual response cycle
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Autonomic nervous system’s role in emotion
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Facial-feedback hypothesis (example of it)
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Amygdala’s role in emotion
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Type A personality types: effects on stress
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Impact of stress on the immune system after one month
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Basic components of emotions
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Psychoanalytic view of personality; id, ego, superego; Oedipus complex
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Neo-Freudians: Alfred Adler
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Socio-cultural theory: reciprocal determinism; locus of control
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Obsessive-Compulsive disorder
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Depression: Role of serotonin in depression; Type of thinking patterns in depressed people
serotonin
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Schizophrenia: hallucinations and dopamine; genetic predisposition
- •Positive symptoms
- •hallucinations
- •delusions
- •Negative symptoms
- •absence of normal cognition or affect (e.g., flat affect, poverty of speech)
- •Disorganized symptoms
- •disorganized speech (e.g., word salad)
- •disorganized behaviors
- genetic predisposition:
- Family variables
- •parental communication that is disorganized, hard-to-follow, or highly emotional
- •expressed emotion
- • highly critical, over-enmeshed families
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Personality disorders
Inflexible, maladaptive pattern of thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and interpersonal functioning that are stable over time and across situations, and deviate from the expectations of the individual’s culture
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Humanistic therapists vs. psychoanalytic therapists
- humanistic:
- •Humanistic perspective emphasizes human potential, self-awareness, and free-will
- •Humanistic therapies focus on self-perception and individual’s conscious thoughts and perceptions
- •Client-centered (or person-centered) therapy is the most common form of humanistic therapy
- •Carl Rogers (1902–1987)—developed this technique
- psychoanalytic:
- •Dream interpretation—dreams are the “royal road to the unconscious”; interpretation often reveals unconscious conflicts
- •Transference—process where emotions originally associated with a significant person are unconsciously transferred to the therapist
- •Free association—spontaneous report of all mental images, thoughts, feelings as a way of revealing unconscious conflicts
•Resistance—patient’s unconscious attempt to block revelation of unconscious material; usually sign that patient is close to revealing painful memories
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Client-centered therapy
- •Therapy is non-directive—therapist does not interpret thoughts, make suggestions, or pass judgment
- •Therapy focuses on client’s subjective perception of self and environment
- •Does not speak of “illness” or “cure”
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Aversive conditioning
- •Relatively ineffective, does not generalize very well beyond therapy
- •Pairs and aversive stimulus with the undesired behavior
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Behavior modification
- •Behavioristic perspective emphasizes that behavior (normal and abnormal) is learned
- •Uses principles of classical and operant conditioning to change maladaptive behaviors
- •Behavior change does not require insight into causes
- •Often called behavior modification
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Cognitive therapy
•Based on the assumption that psychological problems are due to maladaptive patterns of thinking
- •Therapy focuses on recognition and alteration of unhealthy thinking patterns
- •Problems due to negative cognitive bias that leads to distorted perceptions and interpretations of events
- •Recognize the bias then test accuracy of these beliefs
- •Therapist acts as model and aims for a collaborative therapeutic climate
Arron Beck
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Group therapy
•Group therapy—one or more therapists working with several people at the same time.
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Research study results for therapy effectiveness
- •Therapeutic relationship—caring and mutually respectful
- •Therapist characteristics—caring attitude, ability to listen, sensitive
- •Client characteristics—motivated, actively involved, emotionally and socially mature
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Psychopharmacology
the study of medication used for helping with the mind and behaviors
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SSRI’s- treatment for depression (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor)
helps increase serotonin levels to be at a balanced normal state.
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electroconclusive therapy
- •Used for severe depression
- •Very effective for quick relief of symptoms of severe depression (can be used until medication begins to work)
- •May have cognitive side effects such as memory loss
- •Very controversial treatment
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