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The ___ ___ is a series of ductless glands that secrete messanger molecules called ___ into the circulation.
Endocrine system, hormones.
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The Endocrine system controls and interrogates the ___ of other organ systems in the body.
Fuction.
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The endocrine system resembles the ___ ___.
Nervous system.
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Because hormones travel more ___ than nerve impulses, the endocrine system tends to regulate slow processes--such as growth and metabolism.
Slowly.
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The endocrine system is responsible for some major process-like growth of the body and of the ___ organs, and maintenence of proper blood chemistry.
Reproductive.
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The purely endocrine organs are the ___ ___ at the base of the brain.
Pituitary Gland.
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Another endocrine organ is the ___ ___, which is in the roof of the diencephalon.
Penial Gland.
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One of the endocrine organs is the ___ ___, which are on the kidneys.
Adrenal Glands.
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There are two adrenal glands, the ___ ___ and the ___ ___.
Adrenal cortex, Adrenal medulla.
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Organs that belong to other body systems, but also contain a large portion of endocrine cells, include the pancreas, the thymus, the ____, and the hypothalmus.
Gonads.
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The hypothalmus produces hormones in addition to performing its nervous functions, so it is considered a _____ organ.
Neuroendocrine.
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The endocrine system is so diverse that is also includes hormone secreting neurons, ____ ____ and fibroblast-like cells.
Muscle Cells.
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Endocrine glands are richly supplied with ___ and ___ vessels.
Blood, lymphatic.
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After endocrine cells release their hormones into the surrounding extracellular space the hormones immediately enter the ___ capillaries
Adjacent.
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The body produces many hormones, but belong to 1 of 2 broad molecular catergories: amino acid-based molecules and ____ molecules.
Steroid.
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____ include modified amino acids, peptides, and proteins.
Amino acid-based hormones.
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___ by contrast are lipid molecules derived from cholesterol.
Steroids.
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All major hormones circulate throughout the entire body, leave the bloodsteam at capillaries, and encounter virtually ___ ____.
All tissues.
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A given hormone influences only specific tissue cells called ____ ____.
Target cells.
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The ability of a target cell to respond to a hormone depends on the presence of specific ____ molecules on the target cell to which that particular hormone can bind.
Receptor.
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Each kind of ____ produces its own characteristic effects within the body.
Hormone.
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There are three types of stimuli that secrete hormones from endocrine cells, what are they?
Humoral, neural, hormonal stimuli.
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Endocrine glands that secrete their hormones in direct response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood are said to be controlled by ____ ____ .
Humoral stimuli.
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The secretion of a few endocrine glands is controlled by ____ ____.
Neural stimuli.
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Sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate cells in the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine during fight or flight situations, this is an example ___ ___.
Neural stimuli.
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Many endocrine glands secrete their hormones in response to ____ ____ received from other endocrine glands.
Hormonal stimuli.
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The ____ of the brain secretes some hormones that stimulate the anterior part of the pituitary glands to secrete it's hormones.
Hypothalamus.
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No matter what hormone secretion is always controlled by ____ ____.
Feedback loops.
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In a ____ feedback loop, more hormones are secreted if it's blood concentration declines below a minimum set point--then hormone production is stopped if the maximum set point is exceeded.
Negative.
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___ ___ stimulates growth of the entire body by stimulating body cells to increase their production proteins.
Growth hormone. (GH)
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___ is a hormone that stimulates the manufacture of milk by the breast.
Prolactin (PRL)
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___ - ____ hormone which prompts the thyroid gland to secrete its own hormone, ultimately controlling metabolic rate
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormones that help people cope with ___.
Stress.
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Melanocyte-stimulating hormone apparently ____ skin pigmentation.
Darkens.
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) act on the ___, stimulating maturation of the sex cells and inducing the secretion of sex hormones.
GONADS!
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Made in the neurons of the superoptic nucleus ___ ___, which is also called vasopressin, targets the collecting ducts and distal tubules in the kidney.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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____ helps the body maintain as much fluid as possible when thirsty or when fluid loss occurs.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
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____ induces contraction of the smooth muscle of the reproductive organs in both male and females.
Oxytocin.
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Oxytocin signals during ____.
Childbirth.
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Thyroid glands secrete ___ ___.
Thyroid hormone (TH)
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___ ___ main function is increasing the basal metobolic rate (the rate at which the body uses oxygen to transform nutrients into energy).
Thyroid hormones (TH).
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Individuals who secrete ___ of Thyroid hormones have a high activity level, are fidgity and continuously feel warm.
Excess.
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Those who do not produce thyroid hormones are ___ and feel cold.
Sluggish.
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___ is secreted when blood calcium levels are high.
Calcitonin.
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___ has no demonstratable function is adults it seems to act mostly during childhood.
Calcitonin.
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___ ___ increases the concentration of Ca2+(calcium) whenever it falls below threshold value.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
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___ ___ is essential to life because low calcium levels lead to low neural muscular disorders.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
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Remember that parathyroid hormone and calcitonin have opposite effects PTH ___ blood calcium whereas calcitonin ___ it.
Raises, lowers.
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The hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are ____.
Corticosteroids.
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The main mineralocorticoid called ____ is secreted in response to a decline in either blood volume or blood pressure.
Aldosterone.
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Glucocorticoids, of which ___is the main type are secreted to help the body deal with stressful situations such as, fasting, anxiety, trauma, crowding, and infection.
Cortisol.
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The ___ ___ is a small pinecone shape structure.
Penial gland.
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The brain signals the penialocyte to secrete the hormone _____, which helps regulate routine rhythms.
Melatonin.
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The endocrine cells at the pancreas are contained in spherical bodies are called pancreatic islets or ____ of ____-- which about a million of which are scattered.
Islets of langerhans.
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Alpha cells secrete ____ which is a hormone that signals liver cells to release glucose from their glycogen stores, thus raising blood sugar levels whenever they fall too low.
Glucagon.
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Beta cells (B cells) secrete ____which is a hormone which signals most cells of the body to take up glucose from the blood and promotes the storage of glucose as a glycogen in the liver.
Insulin.
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Delta cells (D cells) secrete ____, a hormone that inhibits the secretion of glucagon and insulin.
Somatostatin.
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Atrial natriuretic peptid (ANP) is secreted from heart which is a hormone that decreases excess blood ____ and _____ and high blood sodium concentration, which is primarily done by stimulating the kidney to increase its secretion of salt and its production of salty urine.
Pressure, volume.
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Besides sustaining the fetus during pregnancy the placenta secretes several ___ and ___ hormones.
Steroid, protein.
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The kidneys secrete the protein hormone ____ which indirectly signals the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone.
Renin.
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____ is secreted to signal the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells.
Erythropoietin.
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Without ___ the bones would weaken from insufficent calcium.
Vitamin D.
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____ often is results from a tumor in an endocrine gland in which the rapidly proliferating tumor cells secrete hormones and a uncontrollable rate.
Hypersecretion.
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___ typically results from damage to the endocrine gland by infection, autoimmune attack, or physical trauma.
Hyposecretion.
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A tumor that causes hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) in children causes ___, in which the child grows extremely fast and becomes very tall.
Gigantism.
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Hyposecretion of growth hormone (GH) in children produces ___ ___, who have bodies of normal proportions but rarely reach 4 feet in height.
Pituitary dwarfes.
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____ ____ affects about 7% of Americans and has a strong hereditary component--It is caused either by insufficient secretion of insulin or resistance of body cells to the affects of insulin.
Diabetes mellitus.
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Of the two types of diabetes mellitus, the more serious type is ___ ___ diabetes.
Type 1.
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Research on ___ ___ diabetes has demonstrated that regular exercise and careful management of diet and blood sugar level can delay complications.
Type 1.
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___ ___ diabetes accounts for over 90% of all cases of diabetes.
Type 2.
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____ ____-- apparently an autoimmune disease in which the immune system makes abnormal antibodies and oversecrete Thyroid hormone (TH) of follicle cells of the thyroid.
Graves disease.
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Typical signs of ___ ___ elevated metobolic rate, rapid heart rate, sweating, nervousness, and weightloss despite normal food intake.
Graves disease.
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Graves Disease develops most often in ___ aged women and affects ____ of every ____ women.
Middle, one of every twenty.
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Adult hypothyroidism or myxedema is the result of _____-- occurs in _% of women and _% of men.
Hyposecretion, 7%, 3%.
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Hypothyroidism can also result from insufficient amounts of ___ in the diet--in such cases the thyroid gland enlarges.
Iodine.
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When the thyroid gland enlarges in the front part of the neck it is called a ___ ___.
Endemic goiter.
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In children hypothyroidism leads to ___-- a condition characterized by a short disproportionate body, a thick tongue and neck, and mental retardation.
Cretinism.
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___ ___, is the major hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex.
Addisons disease.
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Symptoms of ___ ___ include: fatigue, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain.
Addisons disease.
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The synthesis and release of ____ hormones diminish somewhat with normal aging.
Thyroid.
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The parathyroid glands change ____ with age.
Little.
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