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Scientific Method
- 1. Make observations
- 2. Ask questions
- 3. Propose Answers
- 4. Test hypothesis
- 5. Accept or reject hypothesis
- 6. Repeat the test
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Hypothesis
And educated guess
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Independent variable
thing that can be changed or manipulated by researcher
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Dependent variable
- the observed outcome of the test
- Depends on the independent variable
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Control variable
All other variables that must remain constant during the test
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Two groups in experiment
- 1. control group
- 2. experimental group- independent variable given only to this group
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Prediction
- Formulated from hypothesis
- Written in an "if-then" statement
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Null hypothesis
states that the treatment has no effect on the outcome of the experiment
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Beaker
cylinder shaped device that is short and stubby
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Erlenmeyer flask
- Taller, funnel like device
- Easy to swirl
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Graduated cylinders
taller, cylindrical shaped device
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Pipette
skinny tube to draw 1 mL of liquid usually- most precise
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Base Units
- Meters m distance
- Liters L volume
- Grams g mass
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Metric system
- King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk
- kilo- 10^3
- Hecto-10^2
- Deka- 10^1
- Base
- Deci- 10^-1
- Centi-10^-2
- Milli- 10^-3
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Magnification
- Tells how much larger the object appears under the scope than it actually is
- Ocular (10x) x objective
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Field of view
The circular field you see when you look through the ocular
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Depth of focus
the thickness of an object that is all in sharp focus at the same time
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Working distance
- space between the slide and objective
- More space=less magnification
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Compound light microscope
Typical microscope
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ocular
Lense nearest he eye
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Body Tube
Keeps ocular and ovjective lenses at proper distance from each other
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Nosepiece
Permits interchange of low, medium, and high power objectives
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Pointer
Found in ocular, can be moved by turning the black eyepiece
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Arm
Supports body tube and adjustment knobs
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Objectives
Contains lenses of various magnification
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Course adjustment
Changes the distance between the slide and the objective to focus an image
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Fine adjustment
Permits exact focusing
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Base
Bears the weight of microscope
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Stage clps
Hold slide steady
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Iris diaphrahm
Regulates amount of light going through specimen
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Illuminator
Provides light source
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Stereomicroscope
- Has two oculars
- Thick, opaque objects can be viewed with this microscope
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Teaching scope
Has two oculars so two people can look at the same thing at the same time
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Phase-contrast microscope
- uses light rays for illumination by filtering out certain rays
- Can ovserve live material
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Transmission electron microscope
Can increase magnification by passing electrons, rather than light rays, through the specimen
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Scanning electron microscope
Uses a moving beam of electrons to bounce the electrons off the specimen
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