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treatment based on medical approaches to illness and disease'ex: drug treatment, shock treatment
biological therapy
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early biological treatment,
-drill holes into the skull to release evil spirits
trepanning
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psychologist who advocated for physcial and perceptual restraints
-like covering a cage when a bird gets upset
Rush
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won the Nobel Prize for his technique of frontal lobatomy
-->uses icepick like instrument to sever frontal lobe
Moniz
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practice of severing parts of the brain to treat disorders
casues lethargy
-advocated for not just for violent patients but also, depressed people, hyperactive children, etc
over 50,000 in US alone
Lobatomy
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a procedure used to treat depressioin; involves administering a strong electrical current to the patient's brain
-works but we don't know why
-can cause temporary memory loss
-used in the treatment of depression that has been resistent to other treatments
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
-
procedure used in depression treatment, has less side effects than ECT
-uses pulses to disrupt function of certain brain regions
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
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implanting electrodes in brain to stimulate brain activity trhough electric currents
-like a pace maker for the brain
-successful in treatment of Parkinson's, maybe OCD (DBS of caudate)
Deep Brain Stimulation
-
class of drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other disorders that involve psychosis
-take 2 weeks to work
-aka neuroleptics
Antipsychotic Drugs
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antipsychotic, blocks dopamine (dopamine antagonist), decreases positive symptoms
-can lead to pseudoParkinson's and tardive dyskinesia
-causes less hallucogenic responses
Haloperidol
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antipsychotic
-treats postiive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
-affects dopamine and other neurotransmitters
-no motor tics, but risk of seizure, cardiovascular or immune problems
Clozapine
-
involuntary twitching
-possible side effect of Haloperidol
Tardive Dyskinesia
-
class of psychotropic medications used for treatment of anxiety
-work instantaneously
ex: Valium and Xanex
-can be addictive
antianxiety drugs
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examples of antianxiety drugs which enhance GABA to produce tranquilizing effect
-can be addictive
Valium, Xanex
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class of psychotropic drugs used to treat depression
work in 3-4 weeks
Antidepressants
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increase time norepinephrine, dopamine and seratonin in system--> blocks the enzyme that usually breaks them down
-type of antidepressant
-cannot ingest tyramine (wine, cheese)
MAO Inhibitors
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type of antidepressant-
slows reuptake at serotonin receptors
-does not have the same side effects as MAOs
ex: Prozac
- SSRIs
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
-
a mood stabalizer used in treating bipolar disorder
-generally works on manic side
-causes thirst, memory problems, hand tremors
-effective but there is often non-compliance into patients due to side effects
-works in 4-6 days
Lithium
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verbal interactions between terapist and client designed to enhance self-knowledge and produce psychologial change
insight therapy
-
technique used by Freud, including free association and dream analysis
-the therapist is seen as having all the answers- does interpreting
-not effective for mental disorders or even self-knowledge
psychoanalysis
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an empathic approach to therapy, it encourages personal growth through greater self-understanding
-used by Rogers
-the therapist reflects back on what client is saying
-client has the answers--> therapist there to support
-useful for temporary stresses/coping, but not mental disorders
client-centered therapy
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treatment based on the idea that distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions
goal: to lead to rational thoughts and perceptions of self and problems
-used by Beck and Ellis
-clients and the therapist share the responsibility
cognitive therapy
-
treatment style that wants to gently change, therapist warm and non-confrontational
-->they give hw assignments
-->gently prod patient into thinking rationally
cognitive
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treatment style in which the therapist confronts irrational beliefs
--> not gentle
Rational/Emotive
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type of therapy which focuses on behavior symptoms-->not thoughts that lead to them
**assume all behavior can be learned and unlearned
behavioral therapy
-
type of therapy which reduces phobias/anxiety through progressive counter-conditioning
1) anxiety heirarchy 2) relaxation techniques
3)associate things with relaxation--> step up heirarchy
**affective for simple phobias
systematic desensitization
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behaviro therapy in which you face the fear--> will break the exagerated terro
-you will get over the terror
-can be used with antianxiety drugs
-sometimes used to treat OCD
flooding
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reduces troublesome behavior through aversive conditioning ex: shock or nausea
effective for: smoking, alcoholism, gambling, overeating, severe cases of autism (controversial)
difficult to do on one's own
aversion therapy
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therapy that relies on learning to enhance social skills, assertiveness, communication skills, etc
--> uses models to try to mimic the behavior
-->rewarded for correct behavior
-used for schizophrenia for social skills and self-care
-also for social phobia, marriage counseling, social anxiety
Observational Training
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focus on pleasure/enjoyment, avoiding pain
hedonic
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focus on growth/meaning
eudamonic
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has a PhD or PsyD
work in academic or hospital settings
design and analysis of research and use of treatment
clinical psychologist
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have a medical degree MD
work in hospitals or private practice
-only group legally authorized to perscribe drugs
psychiatrist
-
PHD
works in shcools/college (counseling)
adjustment to life--> not focused on mental illness
-ex: anxiety, sleep disorder, learning disorders, family issues etc
counseling psychologist
-
masters in social work MSW
work in psychiatric hospitals or make house calls
help get resources for clients, work with patients
psychiatric social worker
-
bachelor's in Nursing (BSN)
work in hospitals or treatment centers
psychiatric nurses
-
have limited advanced training, have a supervisor
work in outreach programs, residential treatment cetners
assist in challenges of daily living
paraprofessionals
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a form of therapy used to treat boderline personality disorder
1)target extreme behaviors (ex:suicide)
2) explore past traumatic experiences that may be root of problem
3) develop self-respect and independence
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
-
a difficult personality disorder to treat
-often the patient tries to manipulate the therapist
antisocial disorder
-
percursors to antisocial disorder
conduct disorder
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