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What do nucleotides consist of?
- Sugar (deoxyribose)
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous base
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4 base pairs of DNA
- Adenine, Guanine=purines
- Thymine, Cytosine= pyridamines
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5', 3' rule
3rd and 5th carbons of sugar are places where nucleotides attach. Always goes 5 touching 3, not 3 touching 5.
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What kinds of bonds hold nitrogenous bases together?
Hydrogen bonds
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Mnemonic for nitrogen base pairs
- Always Together
- Good Couple
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Two scientist that put together the first model of DNA
Watson and Crick
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Semiconservative
when DNA replicates and leaves one original strand to build a new strand.
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Replication process
- 1) Helicase proteins unwind DNA
- 2) Binding proteins keep DNA apart
- 3) Primase makes complementary RNA
- 4) DNA Polymerase adds complementary DNA nucleotides and proofreads
- 5) Exonuclease removes RNA primers
- 6) Ligase fills in gaps and seals strands
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Leading strand
replication is fast and smooth because it's going 5' ---> 3'
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Lagging strand
replication uses Okizaki fragments because it's going 3' ---> 5'
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Werner's disease
mutation in helicase, advanced aging
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-RNA is ___________ nucleic acid composed of RNA nucleotides:
-RNA utilizes ________ sugar
-RNA nucleotides use four bases:
______, Adenine, Cytosine, and Guainine
Single-stranded; ribose; Uracil
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mRNA
transcribed message from DNA
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rRNA
structure where translation occurs
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tRNA
transfers amino acids according to the mRNA message
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Transcription
DNA----->RNA
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RNA Polymerase
adds in complementary RNA nucleotides to match the DNA template and proofreads
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Intron
non-coding sequence in RNA processing
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Exon
coding sequences in RNA processing
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RNA processing
Steps:
1)
2)
3)
- quality control before RNA leaves nucleus
- 1) add cap
- 2) add tail
- 3) cut out introns and paste in extrons
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How many base pairs is mRNA read as?
3 nucleotides/base pairs (codons) that code for 1 amino acid
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How many codons can an amino acid have?
more than 1! NOT THE OTHER WAY AROUND
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Anticodon
recognizes mRNA message
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Ribosome
made of rRNA and protein
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mutation
change in DNA sequence
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point mutation
base pair substitution (1 for 1 switch)
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silent mutation
codes for same amino acid
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nonsense mutation
code for premature stop
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missence mutation
code for incorrect amino acid
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frameshift mutation
adding or deleting a base
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replication errors
- -1 in 1bil.
- -DNA polymerase proofreads
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environmental factors for mutation
UV light, carcinogens
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