3rd and 5th carbons of sugar are places where nucleotides attach. Always goes 5 touching 3, not 3 touching 5.
What kinds of bonds hold nitrogenous bases together?
Hydrogen bonds
Mnemonic for nitrogen base pairs
Always Together
Good Couple
Two scientist that put together the first model of DNA
Watson and Crick
Semiconservative
when DNA replicates and leaves one original strand to build a new strand.
Replication process
1) Helicase proteins unwind DNA
2) Binding proteins keep DNA apart
3) Primase makes complementary RNA
4) DNA Polymerase adds complementary DNA nucleotides and proofreads
5) Exonuclease removes RNA primers
6) Ligase fills in gaps and seals strands
Leading strand
replication is fast and smooth because it's going 5' ---> 3'
Lagging strand
replication uses Okizaki fragments because it's going 3' ---> 5'
Werner's disease
mutation in helicase, advanced aging
-RNA is ___________ nucleic acid composed of RNA nucleotides:
-RNA utilizes ________ sugar
-RNA nucleotides use four bases:
______, Adenine, Cytosine, and Guainine
Single-stranded; ribose; Uracil
mRNA
transcribed message from DNA
rRNA
structure where translation occurs
tRNA
transfers amino acids according to the mRNA message
Transcription
DNA----->RNA
RNA Polymerase
adds in complementary RNA nucleotides to match the DNA template and proofreads
Intron
non-coding sequence in RNA processing
Exon
coding sequences in RNA processing
RNA processing
Steps:
1)
2)
3)
quality control before RNA leaves nucleus
1) add cap
2) add tail
3) cut out introns and paste in extrons
How many base pairs is mRNA read as?
3 nucleotides/base pairs (codons) that code for 1 amino acid