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Cerebral hemisphere
- - largest area of brain
- - covers diencephalon & shows deep or shallow wrinkles
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median longitudinal fissure
line dividing cerebral cortex into a left & right half
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transverse cerebral fissure
seperates cerebral cortex from cerebellum
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Gyri
twisted brain ridges
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Deep sulci
divides brain into lobes
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central sulcus
seperates frontal & parietal lobes
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lateral sulcus
seperates parietal & temporal lobe
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parieto-occipital sulcus
seperates parietals & occipital lobes
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left hemisphere & right hemisphere
left - control of language, math, & logic
right - control of visual-spatial skills, intuition, art & music skills, and emotions
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commissures
connecting fiber tracts communicate with hemispheres
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cerebral cortex
controls consciousness & voluntary movement
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Primary motor cortex
form tracts that reach motor neurons & control precise voluntary motor movements
contains pyramidal cells
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premotor cortex
controls even more complex movements & integrates highly processed sensory information received from other brain areas
controls voluntary movement based on spatial arrangement information & is involved in planning movements
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broca's area
language dominant; controls speech movements; produces mental images of sounds to be spoken; may also store short-term memory
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What are the three motor areas?
primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, & broca's area
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Primary somatosensory cortex
involved with conscious awareness of somatic senses
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somatosensory association area
integrates sensory input for comprehensive understanding by relating it to past experience (ex. feeling an object & guessing what it is without seeing it)
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primary visual cortex
largest sensory area that receives all visual information sent by the eye, but has low level of processing with information being sent to opposite sides
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visual association area
surrounds primary visual cortext & continues to process information obtained by this area
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auditory areas
evaluates/reconizes sound & stores memory of sound
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Wernicke's area
recognizes spoken words
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Gustatory cortex
involved in conscious awareness of taste & is located in tongue region of homunculus
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vestibular cortex
involved in conscious awareness of balance & is found in posterior part of insula
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olfactory cortex
involved in conscious awareness of smell; processes by piriform lobe, olfactory tract, & olfactory bulb
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What are the sensory areas?
- peimary somatosensory cortex
- somatosensory association area
- primary visual cortex
- visual association area
- auditory areas
- gustatory cortex
- vestibular cortex
- olfactory cortex
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prefrontal cortex
seperates humans from other animals & is involved in thought, perception, & recall (cognition); essential for judgement, critical thinking, planning, socializing, & some aspects of emotion
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general interpretation area
integrates sensory information & not well understood
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language area
large area in left cerebral hemisphere that has five indentified areas (Broca's, Wernicke's, speech comprehension, coordination of auditory & visual aspects of language, word articulation & recognition
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Insula
not well understood & functions in language, balance
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What are the association areas?
- prefrontal cotex
- general interpretation area
- language area
- insula
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commissures (fibers)
connect related gray matter areas between the two hemispheres (run horizontally) & includes corpus callosum
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association fibers
horizontal fibers connecting different areas of same hemisphere
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projection fibers
vertical fibers taking sensory information to appropriate area in cerebral cortex & carry away motor instructions
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Basal Nuclei
neural calculators controlling movement by cooperating with cerebral cortex & can esttimate time
- sends their output to motor cortex & includes caudate, lentiform, amygdala
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