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Similar genera are grouped into a family
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Each level of classification is based on shared characteristics
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An ecosystem consists of a community of organisms, the soil, water, and weather and engery
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Soil, water, and weather are abiotic factoers of a habitat
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Secondary succession occurs as a previously existing community is replaced
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Organisms that manufacture organic nutrients for an ecosystem are called primary producers
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Refer to the illustration above. The diagram, which shows how energy moves through an ecosystem, is known as a food web
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Refer to the illustration above. Level A is composed of producers
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Food webs are more commonplace than food chains because organisms almost always eat, and are eaten by, many different organisms.
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In a food web, a decomposer receives energy from every other type
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Animals that feed on plants are at least in the second trophic level
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Worms, vultures, and fungi are detritivores
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Refer to the table above. Mutualism generally exhibits the type of relationship that corresponds to description 1 in the table
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Most ecosystems tend to be complex because potential competitors in the ecosystems oftem occupy slightly different niches
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Refer to the illustration above. An ecosystem located along latitude A would probabliy be more diverse than an ecosystem at latitude B.
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The greenhouse effect many increase on Earth because increasing carbon dioxide will trap more heat.
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Chitin is a tough material found in the cell walls of fungi
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Snails, squids, and clams are all examples of mollusks
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Jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals are all examples of cnidarians
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One difference between plants and animals is that palnts are autotrophs and animals are heterotrophs
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A typical virus consists of a protein coat and a nucleic acid core
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Refer to the illustration above. Structure C represents RNA.
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The capsid of a virus is the protective outer coat.
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A pathogen is an agent that is harmful to living organisms
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Bacterial endospores allow certain species to survive harsh environmental conditions
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Amoebas capture food by englufing it
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Amebic dysentery, toxoplasmosis, and malaria are human diseases caused by protists
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Fungi obtain energy by absorbing organic molecules
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Fungi are important to an ecosystem as decomposers
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Refer to the illustration above. The organism can reproduce by fission, by forming buds, and sexually
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Mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi are examples of club fungi
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Refer to the illustration above. Eukaryotiv, and absorbs nutrients are freatures that characterize the kingdom of which this organism is a member
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Mycorrhizae aid in the transfer of minerals from the soil to the plant
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A lichen consists of a fungus and an alga in a symbiotic relationship
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A typical seed contains a seed coat, a cotyledon, and an embryo
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Pollen is produced in a structure called the anther
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The tissue, in plants, which transports sugars from regions where they are made, to regions where they are used, is called phloem
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The primary function of root hairs is absorption of water and minerals
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The root cap protects the growing root tip
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The guard cells that surround a stoma swell with water, causing the stoma to open
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The response of plants to periods of light and dark is called photperiodism
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Refer to the illustration above. Organism B is radially symmetrical
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Cephalizatoin is characterized by the concentration of sensory organs in the anterior end
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The exoskeleton of arthropods is harde and encases the body
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Oxygen and nutrients are transported around an animal's body by the circulatory system
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Skeletal support in sponges may be provided by spicules of calcium carbonate, spicules of silica, and spongin fibers
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To grow larger, arthropods must grow a new exoskeleton
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All vertebrates have bilateral symmetry
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A bird's skeleton is composed of thin, hollow bones, is more rigid than a reptile's, and contains many fused bones
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A bird's heart has four chambers
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Talons would most likely be found among birds that grasp their prey
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Linnaeus's two-word systerm for naming organisms is called binomial nomenclature
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Protista is an examples of a kingdom
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A protist may be unicellular and heterotrophic, unicellular and autotrophic or muliticellular and autotrophic
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Protists are found almost everywhere there is water
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Eukaryotes that lack the features of animals, plants, or fungi are placed in the kingdom Protista
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Pseudopodia are used for movement by amoebas
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Algae are found in both fresh water and salt water
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Fungi obtain energy by absorbing organic molecules
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Fungi do not contain chlorophyll, do not produce their own food, and have cell walls that contain chitin
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The individual that make up the body of a fungus are called hyphae
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An economically important use of fungi is bread-making, the production of antibiotics and the manufacture of alcholic beverages
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A lichen consists of a fungus and an alga in a symbiotic relationship
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Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled B, which conducts water and is made of elongated cells that connect end to end, is called xylem.
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Refer to the illustration above. Tissue labeled C, which transports sugars from regions where they are made, to regions wehre they are sued, is called phloem
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The priamary function of root hairs is absorption of water and minerals
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A flower is a reproductive structure
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The movement of water through a plant is caused by ranspiratoin, capillary action, and the attraction of water molecules for each other.
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The primary purpose of the fruit is seed dispersal
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The stomata are responsible for regulating water loss
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Flowering plants are classified as monocots or dictos according to the number of their cotyledons
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Refer to the illustration above. Structure B is known as a sieve tube cell
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Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled C is the area where pollen lands and sticks
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Refer to the diagram above. The structure indicated at F produces pollen.
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The cutivle helps reduce the evaporation of fluids form a plant
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Refer to the illustration above. The vein illustrated is made up of both xylem and phloem vessels
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The point where two or more bones meet is called a joint.
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A muscle can pull a bone
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The skin performs functions such as proection, sensation of heat, and control of body teomperature
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The sweat glands help regulate body temperature
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Enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific palces are restrictoin enzymes
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The ventricles are the chambers of the heart that pump blood to the lungs and to the rest of the body
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A respiratory disease in which airways in the lungs become narrow because of sensitivity to certain stimuli is called asthma
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The wavelike contractions of muscle that move food through the digestive system are called peristalsis
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The pharynx is located in the back of the throat
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The urinary bladder stores urine before being expelled from the body
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A function of hormones is to react to stimuli from outside the body, coordinate the production and use of energy, and maintian nutrition and metabolism
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Refer to the diagram above. The gland that is stimulated during emergency situatoins (causing the "fight-or-flight" resonse) is gland C
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Refer to the diagram above. Development and miantenance of female sexual characteristics are mainly stimulated by secretions of gland D.
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Refer to the illustratoin above. The structure labeled B is an egg cell.
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The entrance to the uterus is called the cervix
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The embryo is found when the fertilized egg divides
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Refer to the illustratoin above. The most likely reason for Response 2 being greater than Resonse 1 in the graph is memory cells were produced in Response 1.
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Motor neurons transmit messages from the central nervous system to a muscle or galnd
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A disease-causing agent is called a pathogen
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The fluid between cells is transported to the bloodstream by the lymphatic system
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Tendons connects muscle to bone
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Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments by charge and length
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Cloning is a process by which many identical cells may be produced
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Refer to the illustration above. The vessels indicated by C carry deoxygenated blood. The vessels are the pulmonary arteries.
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