Biology Semester 2

Similar genera are grouped into a family

Each level of classification is based on shared characteristics

An ecosystem consists of a community of organisms, the soil, water, and weather and engery

Soil, water, and weather are abiotic factoers of a habitat

Secondary succession occurs as a previously existing community is replaced

Organisms that manufacture organic nutrients for an ecosystem are called primary producers

Refer to the illustration above. The diagram, which shows how energy moves through an ecosystem, is known as a food web

Refer to the illustration above. Level A is composed of producers

Food webs are more commonplace than food chains because organisms almost always eat, and are eaten by, many different organisms.

In a food web, a decomposer receives energy from every other type

Animals that feed on plants are at least in the second trophic level

Worms, vultures, and fungi are detritivores

Refer to the table above. Mutualism generally exhibits the type of relationship that corresponds to description 1 in the table

Most ecosystems tend to be complex because potential competitors in the ecosystems oftem occupy slightly different niches

Refer to the illustration above. An ecosystem located along latitude A would probabliy be more diverse than an ecosystem at latitude B.

The greenhouse effect many increase on Earth because increasing carbon dioxide will trap more heat.

Chitin is a tough material found in the cell walls of fungi

Snails, squids, and clams are all examples of mollusks

Jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals are all examples of cnidarians

One difference between plants and animals is that palnts are autotrophs and animals are heterotrophs

A typical virus consists of a protein coat and a nucleic acid core

Refer to the illustration above. Structure C represents RNA.

The capsid of a virus is the protective outer coat.

A pathogen is an agent that is harmful to living organisms

Bacterial endospores allow certain species to survive harsh environmental conditions

Amoebas capture food by englufing it

Amebic dysentery, toxoplasmosis, and malaria are human diseases caused by protists

Fungi obtain energy by absorbing organic molecules

Fungi are important to an ecosystem as decomposers

Refer to the illustration above. The organism can reproduce by fission, by forming buds, and sexually

Mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi are examples of club fungi

Refer to the illustration above. Eukaryotiv, and absorbs nutrients are freatures that characterize the kingdom of which this organism is a member

Mycorrhizae aid in the transfer of minerals from the soil to the plant

A lichen consists of a fungus and an alga in a symbiotic relationship

A typical seed contains a seed coat, a cotyledon, and an embryo

Pollen is produced in a structure called the anther

The tissue, in plants, which transports sugars from regions where they are made, to regions where they are used, is called phloem

The primary function of root hairs is absorption of water and minerals

The root cap protects the growing root tip

The guard cells that surround a stoma swell with water, causing the stoma to open

The response of plants to periods of light and dark is called photperiodism

Refer to the illustration above. Organism B is radially symmetrical

Cephalizatoin is characterized by the concentration of sensory organs in the anterior end

The exoskeleton of arthropods is harde and encases the body

Oxygen and nutrients are transported around an animal's body by the circulatory system

Skeletal support in sponges may be provided by spicules of calcium carbonate, spicules of silica, and spongin fibers

To grow larger, arthropods must grow a new exoskeleton

All vertebrates have bilateral symmetry

A bird's skeleton is composed of thin, hollow bones, is more rigid than a reptile's, and contains many fused bones

A bird's heart has four chambers

Talons would most likely be found among birds that grasp their prey

Linnaeus's two-word systerm for naming organisms is called binomial nomenclature

Protista is an examples of a kingdom

A protist may be unicellular and heterotrophic, unicellular and autotrophic or muliticellular and autotrophic

Protists are found almost everywhere there is water

Eukaryotes that lack the features of animals, plants, or fungi are placed in the kingdom Protista

Pseudopodia are used for movement by amoebas

Algae are found in both fresh water and salt water

Fungi obtain energy by absorbing organic molecules

Fungi do not contain chlorophyll, do not produce their own food, and have cell walls that contain chitin

The individual that make up the body of a fungus are called hyphae

An economically important use of fungi is bread-making, the production of antibiotics and the manufacture of alcholic beverages

A lichen consists of a fungus and an alga in a symbiotic relationship

Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled B, which conducts water and is made of elongated cells that connect end to end, is called xylem.

Refer to the illustration above. Tissue labeled C, which transports sugars from regions where they are made, to regions wehre they are sued, is called phloem

The priamary function of root hairs is absorption of water and minerals

A flower is a reproductive structure

The movement of water through a plant is caused by ranspiratoin, capillary action, and the attraction of water molecules for each other.

The primary purpose of the fruit is seed dispersal

The stomata are responsible for regulating water loss

Flowering plants are classified as monocots or dictos according to the number of their cotyledons

Refer to the illustration above. Structure B is known as a sieve tube cell

Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled C is the area where pollen lands and sticks

Refer to the diagram above. The structure indicated at F produces pollen.

The cutivle helps reduce the evaporation of fluids form a plant

Refer to the illustration above. The vein illustrated is made up of both xylem and phloem vessels

The point where two or more bones meet is called a joint.

A muscle can pull a bone

The skin performs functions such as proection, sensation of heat, and control of body teomperature

The sweat glands help regulate body temperature

Enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific palces are restrictoin enzymes

The ventricles are the chambers of the heart that pump blood to the lungs and to the rest of the body

A respiratory disease in which airways in the lungs become narrow because of sensitivity to certain stimuli is called asthma

The wavelike contractions of muscle that move food through the digestive system are called peristalsis

The pharynx is located in the back of the throat

The urinary bladder stores urine before being expelled from the body

A function of hormones is to react to stimuli from outside the body, coordinate the production and use of energy, and maintian nutrition and metabolism

Refer to the diagram above. The gland that is stimulated during emergency situatoins (causing the "fight-or-flight" resonse) is gland C

Refer to the diagram above. Development and miantenance of female sexual characteristics are mainly stimulated by secretions of gland D.

Refer to the illustratoin above. The structure labeled B is an egg cell.

The entrance to the uterus is called the cervix

The embryo is found when the fertilized egg divides

Refer to the illustratoin above. The most likely reason for Response 2 being greater than Resonse 1 in the graph is memory cells were produced in Response 1.

Motor neurons transmit messages from the central nervous system to a muscle or galnd

A disease-causing agent is called a pathogen

The fluid between cells is transported to the bloodstream by the lymphatic system

Tendons connects muscle to bone

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments by charge and length

Cloning is a process by which many identical cells may be produced

Refer to the illustration above. The vessels indicated by C carry deoxygenated blood. The vessels are the pulmonary arteries.