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Declarative memory
Facts like what, where, and why
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What are the two types of declarative memory
- Episodic- Momory of life events
- Semantic- Memory of meanings and understandings
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What structures are invloved in Procedural memory
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Procedural memory is most often affected by damage to what kind of structures, and what are some diseases that cause this
- Basal Ganglia
- - Huntingtons
- - Parkinsons
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Working memory requires what portion of the brain
Prefrontal cortex
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What is working memory
- Type of short term memory
- Limited capacity of 7 plus or minus 2 words or numbers
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Storage of memory takes place where
Cerebral cortex
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What are some important factors to learning and memory
- Nutrition
- Stress
- Temperature
- Blood oxygen
- Sleep
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What is one of the most important structures in memory
Hippocampus
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What are the two limbic system nuclei groups that are required for longterm memories
- Medial Temporal Lobe structures
- - Hippocampus
- - Entorhinal cortex & Parahippocampal gyrus
- Diencephalon
- - Mammillary bodies
- - Medialdorsal & anterior thalamic nuclei
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What circuit is important to memory formation
Papez Circuit
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Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
- High frequency of stimulation of the brain in specific synapses that causes long term memory
- Repetition
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Long Term Potentiation requires what receptors
NMDA
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What is the sequence of events that triggers the postsynaptic NMDA receptor
- NMDA blocked by Mg++
- Glutamate binds AMPA receptor in same cell
- Cell is depolarized and releases Mg++ from NMDA
- Ca++ floods in
- Nitric Oxide synthase is activated
- NO increases the Glutamate release from presynaptic cell
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What is the importance of the CA3 subfield of the hippocampus
When the density of receptors in CA3 are reduced memories are harder to access (Older people exhibit this)
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The CA1 region of the Thalamus is vulnerable to plaque formation in what disease
Alzheimers
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Anterograde vs Retrograde amnesia
- Anterograde - inability to remember future events
- Retrograde - inability to remember past events
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A forinx lesion would have what effect on memory
Minor disruption of memory
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Bilateral Hippocampal lesions have what effect on memory
Major disruption of memory functions
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Unilateral Hippocampal lesions have what affect on memory
Little to no impairment
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Anterograde amnesia is often caused by what type of lesion
Bilateral medial temporal lobe lesion
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Retrograde amnesia is often caused by what type of lesion
They are generalized and not specific
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What portions of the brain is preferentially attacked in Alzheimers
- Hippocampus
- Temporal cortex
- Basal forebrain
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Individuals with Alzheimers have what type of memory loss normally
The deficits are greater in the sematic aspects rather then the episodic memories
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Wernickes-Korsakoff syndrome
- Vision problems, ataxia, and short term memory loss
- Results from Thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency associtated with chronic alchoholism or malnutrition
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What specifically is often affected in Wernickes-Korsakoffs syndrome
- Mammillary bodies
- Medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus
- Cerebellar vermis
- CN III, IV, VI, VIII
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Korsakoffs syndrome
- Severe Anterograde and Retrograde amnesia as well as confabulation
- Bilateral damage to the Mammillary bodies and the medialdorsal nucleus of the thalamus
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Confabulation
Confusion of imagination with reality
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The prefrontal cortex is important for what type of memory
- Working memory
- Rule learning
- Makes one responsible and classy
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