Biology 2nd Semester Exam

Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms.

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources.

Term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms.

An on going effort to analyze the human DNA sequence.

small circular piece of DNA

DNA fingerprint..

Analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function, but vary widely from on individual to another, in order to identify individuals.

single DNA base pairs; they match with end of the same kind

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

• Large-slow
• Small-fast
• Opposites attract

=)

Insulin

Prokaryote cell doesn't have a nucleus and the eukaryote does.

Complementary base pairing is a principle that bonds in DNA that can form only between Adenine(A) and Thymine (T) and between Guanine(G) and Cytosine(C). It's important in replication because this ensures faithful DNA replication.

• 
• The DNA molecules separates into two strands, and then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing. Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template, or model for the new strand.

DNA:Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

RNA:Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

Makes protein; sites of protein synthesis

By crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms.

Inbreeding is the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics.

To ensure the characteristics that make each breed unique will be preserved.

Golden retrievers

change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms

selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms

Inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival.

ex: a porcupine's sharp quills; hunting in groups; a plant performs photosynthesis

organ that serves no useful function in an organism

ex: appendix

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues

ex: forelimbs of humans and dolphin fins

pressure of competition to survive and have surviving offspring

group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

His theory of evolution by natural selection.

process by which a single species or small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways; rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms

combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population

how common an allele is in a population

form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water

form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times

form of reproductive isolation in which two population have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behaviour that prevent them from reproducing

Natural selection is a process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest.

ex:

• Genetic equilibrium-
• 1. no random mating
• 2. population must be large
• 3. no movement in or out of population
• 4. no mutations
• 5. no natural selection

At the bottom

• You can infer about the past:
• -life forms were like;
• -structure
• -food they ate
• -what ate them
• -environment they lived in

• Same amino acids- related
• Different amino acids- unrelated

Animals (water creatures) faced water conservation, structural support, and breathing on land. In reproduction, fish eggs are soft and cannot survive land surface.

There are two main sources of genetic variations: mutations and the gene shuffling that results from sexual reproduction.

• 1. fossil record of change in earlier species
• 2.chemical and anatomical similarities of related life forms
• 3. the geographic distribution of related species
• 4. the recorded genetic changes in living organisms over many generations

No, because a virus does not have all the characteristics of living things.

Lytic-breaks open, quick to cure

Lysogenic- it can become lytic, long term

disease-causing agent

preparation of weakened or killed pathogens

protein that helps destroy pathogens

substance that triggers an immune response

provide immunity against antigens and pathogens in the body fluid

provide a defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells

fights infection through the production of cells that inactivate foreign substances or cells

physical barriers such as the skin and chemical barriers like mucus, saliva, and tears

• -sexual intercourse
• -shared needles
• -contact with blood
• -mother to child during pregnancy, birth or breast-feeding

kill bacteria without harming the cells of the human or animal hosts

when symptooms go away

No

Bacteria helps human digestion

Bacteria can make diseases in the environment.

Humans use bacteria to make medicines.

1 bacteria

The idea that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, or germs.

bacteria

It's because it's a virus.

When you recover from a disease you get imme to it because you body has produced antibodies to fight the disease and it will remain in your blood for immunity.

• 1. Physical contact
• 2. Contaminated Food and Water
• 3. Infected Animals

Increase in body temperature helps fight the pathogens. The pathogens can be killed by high temperatures.

Produces reproductive cells; in females, nurtures and protects developing embryo

The diaphragm is a large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing. The diaphragm helps us inhale and exhale.

Trachea (windpipe) is located in the neck. The trachea lets air pass through.

medulla oblangata

Function of insulin is to lower blood glucose level. It is produced in the pancreas.

Converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs food, eliminates wastes.

makes food easier to chew and begins process of chemical digestion

moves food to stomach by contractions of smooth muscle

continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

where most of the chemical digestion and absorption of food occurs

increase surface area of the intestine to increase its capacity to absorb nutrients and liquid from food passing through it

remove water from the undigested material that is left

store bile

produces bile

produce hormone to regulate blood sugar levels, it produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

The kidney removes waste products from the body by filtering them from the blood. It maintains the PH balance throughout the body.

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

An artificial way getting rid of waste by using machines.

Brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cell; fights infection, removes cell wastes, helps regulate body temperature.

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Red blood cells transport oxygen.

transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the left and right lungs

transports oxygenated blood from the left and right lungs to the heart

first series of blood bessels that carry the blood on its round trip through the body and back to the heart

Superior vena cava- carry blood from upper body to the heart

Inferior vena cava- carry blood from lower body to the heart

An artery carries blood away from the heart and a vein carries blood towards the heart.

The valves in the heart prevents backflow of blood.

The function of the valves in the veins is to prevent backflow after each heartbeat. This ensures one direction.

• -supports the body
• -protects internal organs
• -allows movement
• -stores mineral reserves
• -provides a site for blood cell formation

Skeletal: found in bones; voluntary movements such as dancing; striated, have many nuclei

Smooth: found in the stomach, blood vessels and intestines; not voluntary control; move food through digestive tract; controls blood flow through circulatory system; decrease size of pupil; has one nucleus

Cardiac: found in the heart; striated; 1 nucleus but may have 2; not under direct control of central nervous system

During muscle contraction, the actin filaments slide over myosin filaments, decreasing the distance between the z lines.

Serves as a barrier against infection and injury; helps to regulate body temperature; provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun

smallest blood vessel; brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and waste products, exhange oxygen and carbon dioxide

iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

blood-filtering unit in the renal cortex of the kidney

material that remains from reabsorption

lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart

large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

acts like a detergent, dissolving and dispersing the droplets of fat found in fatty foods

movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration

A hormone produced in the prancreas by the islets of Langerhams that regulate the amount of glucose in the blood.

The central nervous system relays messages, processes information, and analyzes information.

A part of the brain called the hypothalamus contains nerve cells that monitor both th temperature of the skin at the surface at the body and the temperature of organs in the body's core.

levels in the blood of carbon dioxide

controls growth, development, and metabolism; maintains homeostasis

Substance produced in one part of an organism that affects another part of the same organism.

The pancreas produces insulin. Insulin lowers blood glucose level.

Neurons

sweat, urination, breathing out, spitting

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue