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What are the two types of energy?
- Potential Energy - stored energy; available to do work.
- Kinetic Energy - energy of motion.
(Potential energy can be converted to kinetic)
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What is the first law of Thermodynamics?
Energy is never created or destroyed!
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What are five forms of energy?
- Mechanical - energy of movement
- Nuclear - energy from reactions involving atomic nuclei.
- Electrical - flow of charged particles.
- Radiant - energy in heat, light, x-rays, & microwaves.
- Chemical - energy in chemical bonds.
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What is an atom?
The smalled units of matter that can exist separately.
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Atoms are composed of:
- Protons - Positive
- Neutrons - no charge
- Electrons - Negative (always in motion; moves in a strategic way)
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Misc:
- Atomic # - #of protons = # of neutrons.
- Pos + Neg = Neutral.
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Ionic Bonds
- They exchange/steal electrons.
- ex. Sodium & Chloride; Sodium gives an electron to Chloride.
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Covalent Bonds
The sharing of electrons instead of exhanging them.
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How many electrons does each ion have Na+ & C1-
- Na+ = 10
- C1-=18
- (Positive subtract one, negative add one)
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What makes water polar?
The electrons are more around the oxygen so they are not shared equally between hydrogen and oxygen.
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What is a hyrdogen bond?
The postitive hydrogen end of one polar molecule is attracted to the negative end of another polar molecule.
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Chemical Equations
- Reactants - substances that are changed; usually on the left side.
- Products - new chmecial substances formed, usually on the right side.
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Five important Chemical Reactions
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Dehydration Synthesis
- Hydrolysis
- Phosphorylation
- Acid-Base Reactions
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What are Oxiation-Reduction Reactions?
- Reactions in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
- Oxidation - an atom loses an electron.
- Reduction - an atom gains an electron.
ex. Respiration (Sugar is oxidized to form carbon dioxide and oxygen is reduced to form water)
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What are Dehydration Synthesis Reactions?
When two small molecules are joined to form a larger molecule (s molecule of water is released)
ex. joining amino acids to form proteins.
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What are Hydrolysis Reactions?
When a larger molecule is broken down into smaller parts (opposite of dehydration synthesis)
ex. digesting proteins into amino acids.
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What are Phosphorykation Reactions?
- When phosphate groups are added to other molecules,
- phosphate groups are clusters of oxygen and phosphate atoms.
ex. Q-P + Z turns into Q + Z-P
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What are acid base reactions?
pccurs when ions from an acid interact with ions from a base.
- ex. H+Cl- + Na+OH- = Na+Cl- + H+OH-
- Hydro. Acid + Sodium Hydroxide = Salt Water
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Salts are
neither acids nor bases.
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What is the definition of pH?
- phH is the measure of hydrogen concentration.
- (pH of one has the highest lvl of hydro. concentration.)
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What product is always given off in a dehydration synthesis reaction?
A molecule of water is released.
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