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kackerson
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What are the four basic tissues?
CMEN- Connective, Muscle, Epithelium, Nervous Tissue
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Define primary epithelia
embryologically derived from ectoderm or endoderm
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Define Secondary epithelia-
Comes from mesenchymal cells (endothelium and mesothelium)
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Name the three types of epithelia-
Lining, Glandular and Specific
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Simple, stratified and pseudostratified are all examples of what kind of epithelia?
Lining epithelia
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Define endothelium:
Simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart cavities, blood vessels and lymph vessels
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Define Mesothelium:
Simple squamous epithelium that lines the three serous body cavities (pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial) and covers organs located in these cavities.
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What is the name for highly specialized epithelium and what is it's function?
Transitional- to stretch Ex: Urinary bladder
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What makes up the H band in skeletal muscle tissue?
Thick, myosin filaments
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What makes up the I band in skeletal muscle tissue?
Thin, actin filaments
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What is the A band made up of?
Actin and myosin filaments (thick and thin)
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What is the Z line?
It bisects the I band in skeletal muscle. It is used to orient the A filaments
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What is the M line?
It bisects the H band in skeletal muscle
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Give examples of true and functional syncytium:
True= skeletal muscle, Funtional= Cardiac muscle (communicating through gap junctions)
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What surrounds a muscle fiber?
Endomysium
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What surrounds a fasicle?
Perimysium
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What surrounds a muscle?
Epimysium
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What resides between two Z lines?
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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Where is a triad found and what is it consisted of?
Found in skeletal muscle and consists of two terminal cisternae and one t-tubule
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Define terminal cisternae:
expanded ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Where is a diad and what is it made of?
A diad is found in Cardiac Muscle and consists of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and one t-tubule
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Name the 6 events in the contraction sequence of a muscle:
- 1. AP causes release of CA2+ at motor end plate
- 2. Depolarization of sarcolemma
- 3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+
- 4. Ca2+ binds TnC
- 5. Myosin heads bind to Actin
- 6. Racheting occurs to contract the muscle (Z-lines come closer together)
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Define merocrine/eccrine:
Secreting the cell substance
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Define Apocrine:
Secreting the apex of the cell and it's contents
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Define holocrine:
Secreting the entire cell
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What is a serous substance:
Watery substance
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What is a mucous substance:
Viscous
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What is a sebaceous substance?
Lipid like and oily
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What is a mixed substance?
Watery and mucousy
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T/F An endocrine gland has a duct?
False- ductless ex: thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid
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T/F An exocrine gland has a duct?
True Ex: Gastric, uterine, salivary, pancreas glands
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Define adenomere-
Produces glandular product
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Define duct-
Transport glandular product
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Give examples (locations) of the following tissues: 1) Mucous Connective Tissue 2) Loose Connective Tissue 3)Dense Irregular Connective Tissue 4) Dense Regular Connective Tissue 5) Reticular Connective Tissue 6) Pigmented Connective Tissue
- 1. Mucous Connective- Umbilical Cord
- 2. Loose Connective Tissue- Most tissues, colon
- 3. Dense Irregular CT- digital pad, reticular layer
- 4. Dense Regular CT- tendon, ligament, cornea
- 5. Reticular CT- Most tissue, principal type in lymphatic structures
- 6. Pigmented CT- Iris, choroid, sclera of the eye
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Where is hyaline cartilage found?
Fetal bones, growth plates, articular cartilage, costochondral junctions, nasal septum, larynx, trachea, bronchi
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Where is Elastic cartilage found?
Pinna, epiglottis, external auditory, laryngeal cartilage
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Where is fibrocartilage found?
intervertebral disks, menisci, tendon insertions, pubic symphysis
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What can a deficiency of collagen type III fibers cause?
Fragile skin syndrome (Ehlers-Danlos and HERDA)
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Reticular fibers are what type of Collagen fiber?
Type III
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Where is Type I collagen Fiber found?
bone, dentin, dermis, tendons (fibrocartilage also)
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Where is Type II collagen found?
Cartilage
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Where is Type III collagen found?
Reticular fibers found in spleen, liver, lymph node CV system, lymphatics
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Where is Type IV collagen fiber found?
basement membranes
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Vitamin C is a cofactor in what?
Collagen formation
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Fibroblasts are derived from what?
Totipotent mesenchymal cells
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What do Mast Cells release?
- Histamine and Heparin
- Histamine Vasodialates and bronchoconstricts
- Heparine anticoagulant
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Plasma Cells are derived from?
B Lymphocytes
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Name the five CT types:
- 1. Mucous -embryonic and fetal tissue only
- 2. Proper- dense and loose
- 3. Reticular
- 4. Pigmented
- 6. Adipose- Brown and White
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Elastic fibers are made up of what?
Smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts
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Possible causes of edema:
- 1. Venous return problem
- 2. Blocked lymphatic vessel
- 3. plasma protein changes
- 4. capillary damage
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Osteoblasts originate from what?
Pluripotent mesenchymal cells
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Osteoids are made up of what?
Collagen type I and proteoglycans
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Parathyroid hormone stimulates what?
Stimulates osteoblasts to release osteoclast stimulating hormone
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Bone matrix is made up of what?
Collagen type I fibers (fibrous) and osteomucoid and minerals (amorphous)
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Give structure percentages of bone matrix:
- 69% inorganic (stores Ca2+ as hydroxyapatite)
- 22% organic (mostly collagen)
- 9% water
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Define Volkmann Canal:
Communicating branch between aversion canals of osteons
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Define Howship's Lacunae:
Area of erosion after an osteoclast has gone indicating resorption
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Osteogenesis originates from what?
Mesenchymal somites
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Estrogen inhibits what?
Bone resorption
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Calcitonin stimulates what and how?
Stimulates bone formation by inhibition of osteoclastic action. It stimulates osteoid formation by osteoblasts and decreases serum calcium
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What are the three stages of bone remodeling?
- 1. Activation
- 2. Resorption
- 3. Formation
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What are the three types of osteons?
- 1. Resorption Osteons- lined by osteoclasts
- 2. Forming Osteons- lined by osteoblasts
- 3. Mature osteons
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Bone growth in length=
Endochondral ossification
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Growth in epiphyses diameter=
cells of articular cartilage
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Growth in diaphyses diameter=
periosteal apposition, endosteal resorption
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Which cartilage layer lacks a perichondrium?
Firocartilage
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Interstitial growth in cartilage involves what?
Mitotic divisions of chondrocytes within the matrix making up isogenous nests
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Appositional growth within cartilage involves what?
Chondroblasts from the perichondrium dividing and secreting new matrix
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What hormone does ANP oppose?
Aldosterone
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List the three components of the intercalated disk:
- 1. Fascia adherens
- 2. Macula Adherens
- 3. Gap Junctions- propagating the electrical impulse
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T/F Cardiac cells regenerate
F, the produce scar tissue to heal from injury but do not regenerate
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Vascular smooth muscles are innervated but what nerves?
Sympathetic only
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Visceral smooth muscle is innervated but what nerves?
Sympathetic AND parasympathetic
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Plexuses have what type of innervations?
Sympathetic postganglionic axons and parasympathetic pre adn post ganglionic axons
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What is the origin of skeletal muscle?
Mesodermal origin
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Describe Type I muscle fibers
Slow, high resistance to fatigue, aerobic, low glycolytic capacity, high oxidative capacity, TAG fuel storage
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Describe Type II muscle fibers
Moderately fast, fairly high resistance to fatigue, long term anaerobic, high oxidative capacity, high glycolytic capacity, Creatine, phosphate, glycogen fuel storage
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Describe Type III muscle fibers
Fast, intermediate resistance to fatigue, short term anaerobic, high glycolytic capacity, Creatine, phosphate, glycogen fuel storage
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Describe Type IV muscle fibers
Very fast, low resistance to fatigue, short term anaerobic, high glycolytic capacity, Creatine, phosphate, glycogen fuel storage
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What cell type is responsible for skeletal muscle regeneration?
Satellite cells
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Name the three tunic layers and what they are made of:
- 1. Tunica adventitia- collagen, nerves, capillaries (thickest in veins)
- 2. Tunica Media- Smooth muscle and elastic lamellae
- 3. Tunica Intima- Avascular, internal elastic membrane, endothelium
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