A&P Final Exam Review Part 2

• Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
• H and O are 2:1, like water.
• Thus Hydrated Carbon

• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides

• simple sugars
• single chain or ring
• named for number of carb atoms they contain.
• pentose and hexose are most important.
• deoxyribose is part of DNA (pentose)
• Glucose (hexose) is blood sugar
• galactose and fructose are isomers of glucose.

• 2 monosaccharides are joined by hydration synthesis
• sucrose
• lactose,maltose
• decompose by hydrolysis.

• polymers of simple sugars linked by dehydration synthesis
• starch
• glycogen
• starch from plants
• glycogen from animals

• Structural/mechanical support
• movement
• catalysis
• transport
• regulation of ph
• regulation of metabolism
• body defense
• protein management

ATP Synthesis, Powerhouse

Protein synthesis

• sugars are attached to proteins in cisternae
• proteins bound in vesicles
• transport to Golgi and other sites
• synthesizes phospholipids

• lipid and steroid (cholesterol) synthesis.
• lipid metabolism
• drug detox

• packages proteins for secretion,
• inclusion in lysosomes and
• incorporate into plasma membranes

Intracellular digestion

• detox.
• catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide

• support cell, give shape
• intrcellular and cellular movement involvement.
• form centrioles and cilia and flagella, if present.

• involved in muscle contraction
• cell and intracell movement
• help form cytoskeleton.

stable cytoskeletal elements that resist mechanical forces acting on cell.

• Organize microtube network during mitosis to form spindle and asters.
• Form the bases of cilia and flagella

• Tight Junctions
• Desomosomes
• Gap Junctions

• impermeable junction
• look interlocking

• anchoring junctions
• held by protein filaments
• distribute tension for great mechanical stress tissues like
• skin
• heart muscle

• communicating junctions
• connected by connexons channels

• cilia
• respiratory tract

flagella: sperm

microvilli: plasma membrane surface

• Passive - not any energy from cell
• Active - require ATP

use solute pumps to move solutes up the concentration gradient

• primary: hydrolysis of ATP
• sodium potassium pump
• Na+-K+ ATPase
• Na out and drives K back in.
• cardiac and skeletal
• Secondary: indirectly by energy stored in ionic gradients.

Secondary: indirectly by energy stored in ionic gradients.

example: Small intestines.

• Diffusion ions move from high to low
• down concentration gradient

• Example: ions across cell membranes
• and movement of neurotransmitters btween 2 nerve cells.

• Simple:
• nonpolar, lipid soluable substances diffuse directly thru lipid bilayer: oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat soluable vitamins

oxygen diffused from blood into cells

• trnasported substance either binds to protein carriers to be ferried across OR
• moves through water channels.

example: glucose transport.

Diffusion of a solvent like water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Initiation - RNA pulls apart DNA double helix

Elongation RNA unwinds DNA and rewinds it.

Termination: when RNA reaches special base sequence. RNA pulls off DNA template