Lecture 1

_________ shape of both the enzyme and substrate are altered upon binding.

quaternary structure

Krebs cycle products

_______ solvent in w/c the chemical rxns of living cells take paces. 70-80% of a cell's mass is due to this. Small polar molecult

They are called ___ because the amine is attached to the carbon in the alpha position of the carbonyl approx______ of them

In typical DNA, two strands are joined by hydrogen bonds to make the structure called a _______

______ any biological molecule that has low solubility in water and high solubiility in nonpolar organic solvents

The proton-motive force propels thru______ to manufacture ATP.

________ dissolved inorganic ions inside and outside the cell.
-create electrochemical gradients.
-Combine and solidify to give strength to a matrix such as hydroxyapatite in bone
- cofactors, assisting enzyme or protein function

_______-intermolecular bond allows water to be a liquid at typical cell temps strong cohesive forces between water molecules

Denaturing agent and forces disrupted-

______ agents which bind covalently to enzymes and disrupt their function. (usually high toxic, penicillin in an example.

made from carbon and water, empirical formula C(H2O)

_______ feedback inhibitors bind to the enzyme and cause a conformational change. both _______ inhibitor and ______ activator.

Combustion reaction

Plants form ____ from glucose
Cellulose has ______ linkages.

Cows and termites etc have bacteria in their digestive system that release an enzyme to digest the ____ linkages

_____ a coenzyme which transfers 2 carbons (from pyruvate) to the 4- carbon oxaloacetic acid to begin the krebs cycle/also called the citric acid cycle.

____ increases the rate of diffusion for glucose and other monosaccharides

_______ fluid portion of living cells

nucleotides

_____ this chemical is an enzyme and therefore probably a protein and therefore contains nitrogen and is subject to denaturation

other important nucleotides

_______ anaerobic respiration, includes the process of glycolysis the reduction of pyruvate to ethanol or lactic acid, the oxidation of the NADH back to the NAD+

recycles NADH back to NAD+

______if one of the products downstream in a reaction series comes back and inhibits the enzymatic activity in an earlier rxn.

If it works it shuts off, like a thermostat

nucleic acids

Hydrophobic

_____ non consumes or permanently altered by the reaction, only a small amount required. do not alter the _____ of a reaction.

Hydrophilic

______only 1 strand and no helix is formed and uracil replaced thymine

______the position on the enzyme to where the substrate binds, usually with numerous non-covalent bonds.

_____are built from a chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

________ a lipid. building blocks for most, but not all complex lipids. long chain of carbons truncated at one end by a carboxylic acid. Usually an even # of crbons with the max in humans being 24

glycerol

_____ glycerol backbone, with 2 fatty acids and a polar phosphate group with lies on opposite end of the nonpolar fatty acids.

______organic molecule many are vitamins or their derivatives.

krebs cycle or citric acid cycle

essential amino acids

______ production of ATP by the proton motive force thru ATP synthase

______polysaccharide, branches glucose polymer with alpha linkages most is found in the liver and muscle cells

VLDL-

LDL-

HDL-

Respiration-

_____bind nonvovalently to an enzyme at a spot other than the active site and change the conformation (shape) of the enzyme. so the substrate does not even fit in the active site anymore

Unsaturated fatty acids

____ typ a globular protein occasionally a nucleic acid, act as a catalyst by lowering the activation energy and increasing the reaction rate ( by magnitudes as much as thousands of trillions)

_______example of enzyme specificity. Active site of the enzyme has a specific shape that only fits a specific substrate.

The enzyme bound to the substrate is called _______

_______each amino acid in a polypeptide chain

Water molecules surround ______ a hyrophilic molecule and separate it form the group

Lipid functions

Phosopholipids-
triacylglycerols-
fatty acids (eicosanoids)-
steroids-

amphipathic

5 forces creating the tertiary sturcture

inactive form of an enzyme, depending, they can reversibly or irreversibly activated

most macromolecules of living cells are broken apart via_________

________ how most macromolecules are formed

_________ the reactant or reactions upon which the enzyme works. Generally _______ than the enzyme

Aerobic respiration products

denatured (proteins)

________ a non-proetin component that many enzymes require. can be coenzymes or metal ions (mineral)

______ normally, enzymes are designed to work only on a specific substrate or group of closely related substrates

__________ the first substrate changes the shape of the enzyme allowing other substrates to bind more easily.

_____ four ringed structure, includes some hormones, vitamin D and cholesterol

On MCAT when you see nitrogen

______ what the single chain can form
_______ are secondary structure

inner mitochondrial membrane

________ the process of ATP production in the krebs cycle.

_______a 6th class of lipids which include vitamin A.

In nucleic acids, nucleotides are joined together by _____between the phosphate groups of 1 nucleotide and the 3rd carbon of the pentose of the other nucleotide forming long strands.

_______ (substrate has to wait in line on enzymes) As the relative concn. of substrate increases the rate of the reaction also increases but less and less until a max rate (Vmax) is achieved.

_____ 6 carbon carbohydrate C6H12O6, very common accounts for 80% of the carbohydrates absorbed by humans

______ 3D shape formed when the peptide chain curls and folds

_____ the products of glycolysis move here past both membranes

metabolism-

intermembrane space has______

most common nitrogenous base

Rxn rate______ with pH, temp and substrate concn.

______ the number and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

Aerobic respiration___

Glycolysis

_______ (3 names)
has a 3 carbon backbone called a glycerol, which is attached to 3 fatty acids function is to store energy and may provide thermal insulation and may provide padding

side chain (r group)

____ compete with the substrate by binding reversibly with noncovalent bonds to the active site. (usually only for a fraction of a second)

In the matrix, pyruvate is converted to this _____ in a reaction that produces NADH and CO2

_______ a series of protein including cytochromes with heme in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

_____ or _____
specialized cells whose cytoplasm contains almost nothing but triglycerides

_______ contains a lipid core surrounded by phospholipids and apoproteins can dissolves lipids in its hydrophobic core and move freely in aqueous solution due to its hydrophilic shell

_______ is the modification of the enzyme configuration resulting from the binding of an activator or inhibitor at a specific binding site on the enzyme

Glycolysis