simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties
atomic number
number of protons in its nucleus
nucleus
center of atom
Protons
single charge
neutrons
no charge
atomic mass
is equal to its total number of protons and neutrons
electrons
single negative charge and surrounds the nucleus
valence electrons
in the outer most shells
2/8/8/8 etc
isotopes
element that differ from one another only in the number of neutrons
ions
charged particles with unequal number of protons and electrons
ionization
transfer of electrons from one atom to another
anion
atom that gained electrons
cation
atom that lost an electron
antioxidants
neutralize free radicals
molecules
chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond
compounds
molecules composed of two or more different elements
chemical bonds
forces that hold molecules together or attract one molecule to another
types of chemical bonds
ionic bond
covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds
van der waals force
ionic bond
attraction of a cation to an anion
electron donated by one and received by the other
covalent bond
single- share single pair electrons
double= sharing 2 pair of electrons
nonpolar covalent bond
shared electrons spend approx equal time around each nucleus
strongest bond
polar covalent bond
shared electrons spend more time orbiting one nucleus than they do the other, they lend their neg charge to the area they spend most time
hydrogen bond
a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly neg oxygen or nitrogen atom in another
exp: water molecule attraction
van der waals forces
fluctuations in electron density in electron cloud of a molecule creates polarity for a moment, and can attract adjacent molecules in the region for a very short instant in time
mixtures
consists of substance physically blended but not chemically combined
solvency
ability to dissolve other chemicals
hydrophillic
substance that dissolves in water
hydrophobic
substance that do not dissolve in water
adhesion
one substance to cling to another
cohesion
like molecules to cling to each other
solutions
consists of particles of matter called solute mixed with a more abundant substance called the solvent
colloids
mixture of protien and water
emulsion
suspension of one liquid in another
acid
proton donor
base
proton acceptor
ph
a measure from molarity
range 0-14
each number 10 x previous number
0-most acidty 14- least acidty
7-neutral
buffer
resists changes in PH
energy
capacity to do work
potential energy
energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state
kinetic energy
energy of motion; energy that is actively doing work
chemical reaction
a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken
chemical equation
symbolizes the course of a chemical reaction
types of chemical reactions
decomposition reactions
synthesis reactions
exchange reactions
decomposition reactions
large molecule breaks down into 2 or more smaller ones
synthesis reaction
2 or more small molecules combine to form a larger one
metabolism
all the chemical reactions of the body
catabolism
energy releasing decomposition reactions
anabolism
energy storing synthesis reactions
oxidation
any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and release energy
reduction
any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy
oxidation-reduction reactions
oxidation of one molecule is always accompanied by the reduction of another
carbon compounds
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleotides and nucleic acids
macromolecules
very large organic molecules
polymers
molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits
monomers
an identical or similar subunits
polymerization
joining monomers to form a polymer
dehydration synthesis
condensation
monomers covalently bond together to form a polymer with the removal of a water molecule
hydrolysis
opposite of dehydration synthesis
splitting a polymer by the addition of a water molecule