anat

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

number of protons in its nucleus

center of atom

single charge

no charge

is equal to its total number of protons and neutrons

single negative charge and surrounds the nucleus

• in the outer most shells
• 2/8/8/8 etc

element that differ from one another only in the number of neutrons

charged particles with unequal number of protons and electrons

transfer of electrons from one atom to another

atom that gained electrons

atom that lost an electron

neutralize free radicals

chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond

molecules composed of two or more different elements

forces that hold molecules together or attract one molecule to another

• ionic bond
• covalent bonds
• hydrogen bonds
• van der waals force

attraction of a cation to an anion

electron donated by one and received by the other

• single- share single pair electrons
• double= sharing 2 pair of electrons

shared electrons spend approx equal time around each nucleus

strongest bond

shared electrons spend more time orbiting one nucleus than they do the other, they lend their neg charge to the area they spend most time

a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly neg oxygen or nitrogen atom in another

exp: water molecule attraction

fluctuations in electron density in electron cloud of a molecule creates polarity for a moment, and can attract adjacent molecules in the region for a very short instant in time

consists of substance physically blended but not chemically combined

ability to dissolve other chemicals

substance that dissolves in water

substance that do not dissolve in water

one substance to cling to another

like molecules to cling to each other

consists of particles of matter called solute mixed with a more abundant substance called the solvent

mixture of protien and water

suspension of one liquid in another

proton donor

proton acceptor

• a measure from molarity
• range 0-14
• each number 10 x previous number
• 0-most acidty 14- least acidty
• 7-neutral

resists changes in PH

capacity to do work

energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state

energy of motion; energy that is actively doing work

a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken

symbolizes the course of a chemical reaction

• decomposition reactions
• synthesis reactions
• exchange reactions

large molecule breaks down into 2 or more smaller ones

2 or more small molecules combine to form a larger one

all the chemical reactions of the body

energy releasing decomposition reactions

energy storing synthesis reactions

any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and release energy

any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy

oxidation of one molecule is always accompanied by the reduction of another

• carbohydrates
• lipids
• proteins
• nucleotides and nucleic acids

very large organic molecules

molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits

an identical or similar subunits

joining monomers to form a polymer

• condensation
• monomers covalently bond together to form a polymer with the removal of a water molecule

• opposite of dehydration synthesis
• splitting a polymer by the addition of a water molecule

simple carbohydarte

exp glucose, galactose and fructose

• sugar molecule composed of 2 monosaccharides
• exp sucrose,lactose,maltose

long chains of glucose

energy storage polysaccharide in animals

energy storage polysaccharides in plants

structural molecule of plant cell walls

hydrophobic organic molecule

chain of 4 to 24 carbon atoms

3 fatty acids covalently bonded to 3 carbon alcohol glycerol molecule

similar to neutral fat except that one fatty acid replaced by a phosphate group

a polymer of amino acids

central carbon with 3 attachments

any molecule composed of 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds

joins the amino group of 1 amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next

unique 3 dimension shape of protien crucial to function

extreme conformational change that destroys function

proteins that function as biological catalyst