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principle quantum number (n)
designates shell.
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How are oxyacids named?
Ending -ic used for species w/ more oxygens and -ous for species with fewer oxygens.Ex. sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and sulfurous acid (H2SO3)
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Characteristics of crystalline solids
sharp melting point and shape w/ well ordered structure of repeating units
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Ionization energy
the energy needed to remove an electron from a nucleus.
Increases top and right
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polyatomic atoms w/ multiple oxygens given the suffix...
-ite(less oxygenated) or -ate(more oxygenated)
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phase of metals at room temperature
solid
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azimuthal quantum number (l)
designates subshell (s, p, d, f). Determines shape.l=n-1
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Characteristics of alkali metals
soft solids with low densities and low melting points
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Planck's constant (h)
6.6 x 10^-34
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Pauli exclusion principle
no two electrons in the same atom can have the same four quantum numbers.
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atoms with ability to form pi bonds
small atoms. B/c p orbitals overlap.
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monatomic and simple polyatomic ions given the suffix...
ide
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what numbers of l correspond to the s, p, d, and f subshells?
- l=0,
- s.l=1,
- p.l=2,
- d.l=3, f.
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Energy level rises as electrons move further from the nucleus b/c of...
electrostatic potential energy from the separation of the electron from protons. Energy increases from a negative to zero as the electron moves an infinite distance from the nucleus.
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Planck's quantum theory
electromagnetic energy is quantized. deltaE=hf, where h is planck's constant, 6.6x10^-34 and f is the frequency.
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metallic crystals
single metal atoms held together by delocalized electrons.
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molecular crystals
individual molecules held together by intermolecular bonds
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electronegativity
the tenancy of an atom to attract an electron in a ionic bond
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compound
a substance made from two or more elements in definite proportions
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rapid cooling of polymers results in...
amorphous solid
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Characteristics of alkaline earth metals
Harder, more dense, melt at higher temperatures than alkali metals. Heavier alkaline earth metals are more reactive than the lighter ones.
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metathesis
a double displacement reaction
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indicates most oxygens
per-
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nuclide
an atom of specific isotope
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atoms with ability to form more bonds
large atoms. B/c of d orbitals.
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Hund's rule
electrons will not fill any orbital in the same subshell until all orbitals in that subshell contain at least one electron. The unpaired electrons will have parallel spins.
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ionic crystals
consist of oppositely charged ions held together by electrostatic forces.
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slow cooling of polymers results in...
crystalline solid
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characteristics of an amorphous solid
no characteristic shape. Melts over a temperature range.Ex. glass.
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network covalent crystals
infinite network of atoms held together by polar and nonpolar bonds.
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Ions are formed by...
losing electrons from the orbital with the highest n value. If there are two orbitals w/ the same n value, they will be lost from the one w/ the highest l value.
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magnetic quantum number (ml)
designates orbital of the subshell.-l to +l.
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Characteristics of 7A
more reactive at top of periodic table than at bottom.
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electron affinity
he willingness of an atom to accept an additional electron. Peaks at halogens.
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characteristics of 4A elements
Form 4 covalent bonds. All but C forms 2 more bonds w/ Lewis bases.
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Heisenberg uncertainty principle
he more we know about the momentum of a particle, the less we can know about the position, and vice versa.
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number of total orbitals w/in a shell equal to
n'2
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as electrons move further from the nucleus, energy level...
rises
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electron spin quantum number (ms)
1/2 or +1/2
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characteristics of 5A elements
form 3 covalent bonds. All but N form 2 more bonds by using d orbitals. Lewis base can form 6th bond.
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local maxima of ionization energy
filled subshells, half filled p-subshells
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aufbau principle
with each new proton added to create a new element, a new electron is added as well.
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How is an acid named when the name of the anion ends in -ide.
Acid begins in hydro- and ends in -ic.Ex. Hydrosulfuric acid
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deBroglie's wavelength equation
λ=h/mv or λ=h/p
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effective nuclear charge
the amount of charge felt by an atom due to electron shielding. Greatest at right, bottom.
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Polymers
solids with repeated unites
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photoelectric effect
electrons (photons) are emitted from matter as a consequence of their absorption of energy.
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indicates fewest oxygens
hypo-
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