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Organic compoiunds
Organic compounds: Molecules that contain carbon "C" arranged in rings or chains.
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Carbon chains
- Carbon chains: [general equation: CnH2n+2]ie:
- H H H H H H
- H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H
- H H H H H H
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Carbon rings:
Carbon rings: a closed chain of carbon, [general equation: CnH2n].
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Carbons versitility is do to.....
- Carbons versitility is do to:
- 1. Combine with other C's forming rings/chains.
- 2. Bond with up to four other elements: (usualy H,O and N).
- 3. Establish stable bonds do to the arrangement of electrons.
- 4. Create covalent bonds.
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Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons: Organic molecules containing only Hydrogen "H" and Carbon "C". ie: Octane C8H18
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Fuctional groups
Functional Groups: Molecules that behave consistantly giving compounds unique properties.
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Macromolecules
Macromolecules: Large molecules.
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Monomers
Monomers: Small, individual molecules; building blocks or subunits.
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Polymers
Polymers: large molecules built by attaching smaller molecules together (ie: DNA).
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Dehydration synthesis reaction
Dehydration synthesis reaction: formation of one large macromolecule from two smaller molecules when water is removed.
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis: Breakdown of one Large macromolecule into two smaller molecules when water is added.
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Isomers
Isomers: molecules that have the same molecular formulas, but different structures. ie: Glucose, galactose, fructose.
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Carbohydrates – Monosaccharides
- Carbohydrates – Monosaccharides:
- Subunits: Single sugars
- Examples: glucose, fructose
- Functions: Provide cells with C skeletons for producing other organic molecules. Major fuel molecules for cellular work.
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Carbohydrates – Disaccharides
- Carbohydrates – Disaccharides:
- Subunits: double sugars (2 simple sugars).
- Examples: lactose, sucrose
- Functions: Lactose: found in dairy products Sucrose: table sugar.
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Carbohydrates – Polysaccharides
- Carbohydrates – Polysaccharides:
- Subunits: complex carbohydrates (long chain of monosaccharide monomers).
- Examples: Cellulose, glycogen, starch
- Functions: Cellulose: Dietary supplement (fiber). Glycogen: animal storage form of carbs. Starch: plant storage form of carbs.
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Hydrophobic
Hydrophobic: [Lipid]; (Water fearing), Not water soluble (does not dissolve in water). ie: lipids
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Hydrophilic
Hydrophilic: [Lipid]; (Water loving), water soluble (dissolve in water). ie: Carbohydrates
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Lipids - Fats
- Lipids - Fats:
- Subunits: glycerol + 3 fatty acids.
- Functions: Storage form of energy (2X amount of carbs). Insulation for warm-blooded animals. Cushion for vital organs.
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Unsaturated fatty acids
Description: Fewer than the maximum number of H’s, Double bond, Plant & fish fats; liquid at room temperature.
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Saturated fatty acids
- Saturated fatty acid:
- Description: Maximum number of H’s, No double bond (single bonds only), Animal fats; solid at room temperature.
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Steroids
Steroids: Hydrophobic lipid molecule, interlocking carbon rings, ie: cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone.
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Anobolic steroids
- Anobolic steroid: Description: Synthetic variants of testosterone,
- Desired efx: muscle performance, enhancement,
- Side efx: violent mood swings, depression, liver damage, high cholesterol, shrunken testicles, re-duced sex drive, infertility, cancer, death
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Proteins
- Proteins:
- Subunits: Amino acids
- Functions: Structure (hair, skin, muscles, organs, etc.), Component of blood (hemoglobin), Component of immune system, Enzymes, some hormones, Intracellular signaling.
- Structure: 1. Carbonyl group, 2. Amino group, 3. H atoms, and 4. Radical (R) groups.
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Proteins - Monomers
- Proteins - Monomers:
- Subuntits: Radical (R) groups
- Description: All proteins are constructed from a common set of 20 different amino acid monomers.
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Proteins - Polymers (primary)
- Proteins - Polymers (primary):
- Subunits: repeating amino acids
Descript: Hydrophobic lipid molecules, Interlocking carbon rings,- Examples: cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone.
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Proteins - Polymers (other)
Proteins – Polymers (other): Description: There are at four basic, types of protein structure, (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary). Denature: to irreversibly alter the- chemical and physical characteristics of a protein causing it to no longer
- function:
High temperature Extreme pH Toxic chemicals
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Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acid:
Subunits: nucleotides
Examples: DNA, RNA
Functions: Information storage – blueprints for- protein synthesis (inherited from parents).
Description: 5C sugar (deoxyribose, ribose).Phosphate- group (PO4).
Nitrogenous base (A,C,G,T):- Base-pairing: A-T and C-G
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Differences Between
DNA and RNA
- Differences Between
- DNA and RNA
: - DNA: Alpha Helix formation, uses Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, and Thymine.
- RNA: Spiral shape (half the Alpha Helix), uses Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine and Uracil.
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